Comparative Public Administration Essay

comparative degree common Administration diachronic and sociological factors affecting administrative governing bodys Administration and political relation in incompatible countries Current berth of Comparative domain Administration Ecology and giving medication Riggsian fabrics and their critique. ________________________________________________________________________Click on JOIN THIS SITE to get instant up battles on new military posts on this blog. And give c atomic number 18wise for INTERACTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS regarding this blogs posts JOIN ITS FACEBOOK corporation/GROUP that is menti sensationd on the right hand side of this page. ________________________________________________________________________COMPARATIVE usual arrangement DEFINITIONComparative public administration is defined as the test of administrative browsements in a proportional fashion or the assume of public administration in other countries.A nonher definition for relative public adm inistration is the quest for patterns and regularities in administrative action and deportment. It looks to test the effectiveness of the mere Theorists (Fayol,Taylor,Urwick,and so forth Principles of Administration effectiveness on a universal level( diverse political and administrative scarups in exploitation and developed countries and their environmental science) as healthy as develop a comparative surmise of creation Administration.It is a really epochal argona of study in Public Administration as it answers in beneathstanding Administrative launchups and their functioning in various r distri just nowivelys and societies/countries and what give forbiddens and why it works. wishwise,it helps improvise administrative systems making them to a greater extent efficient together with helping in adding and improvising the already existing literature/theories of Public Administration hence corpusing to a strong and concrete theory of the subject with the help of p ractical experiments and analysis.COMPARATIVE PUBLIC establishment EVOLUTION A BACKDROPEven though comparative studies in administration date back to Aristotlian judgment of convictions w here he sent scholars to incompatible voices of world to study their political systems,Comparative Public Administration started rancid as a topic of sw each(prenominal) in allow upest post the Wilson(c wholeed the 1st comparativist) hear in 1884where he very rightly claimd that in rescript to know our ca consumption coun emphasises administrative weaknesses and virtues we accept to par with others. And,he declared that administration is the best and most safe prospect of comparative studies as administrative techniques and procedures atomic number 18 similar almost every(prenominal)where and in fact we tummy learn a lot by analyze.However,it was not taken so seriously due to the the emphasis on conceptualising and structuring as well as defining Public Administration at that time was the top priority. The theorists and administrators as well as presidential terms were busy pinch their own administrative setup out front they could set off on a comparison with others. So, while this was being contemplated the First World War erupted and with its give notice and the establishment of the League Of Nations in that location came about a lot of questions regarding the need to understand the needs of the countries who were not so developed because slicey of them came under the British colonialism as well as other imperialist countries in order to control these and draw maximum benefit.This comparative study took a philosophical turn during the course of the second world state of war and its consequence when there came the end of imperialism and colonialism and emergence of many independent states, a mutual initiative by the developed countries under the United Nations( mixture showerly called The League Of Nations) aegis to refurbish the maturation an third world countries as well as to develop their own war damaged national economies. And lets not immobilise the beginning of Cold War amid the deuce superpowers regular army and Soviet Union which play a big part in this gallery where some(prenominal) looked to hegemonise the world politics and economy.USA took the lead here in administrative studies and also in providing financial as well as skilful help to the maturation nations in order to increase their grocery sh ar and also to curb communism that was a product of the Soviet Union.The USA was the hub of these studies since the Western countries lacked the institutional and administrative capacities to implement their developmentplans post world war 2.the government,United Nations and various private institutions as well as corporates sponsored varied technical assistance programmes that enabled the public administrators,lecturers of public administration and professionals to study the similar in depth as well as ch oke abroad and gather hands on experience and build a universal comparative theory of Public Administration. Notable in these efforts were that of the Ameri contri scarcee Society For Public Administration(ASPA) & American political Science Association( APSA).The first composition formally form to formulate a universal comparative theory of public administration was the Comparative Administration Group(CAG) in 1960 that was a affectionate class of the ASPA , funded by the Ford foundation to study methods for improving public administration in developing countries under the chairmanship of Fred W. Riggs. More than providing administrative techniques this group became a forum for intellectuals to understand why the developing countries differ so ofttimes in practise of administration and are not able to support the classical theory principles of administration in their systems even though Classical theorists of administration homogeneous Fayol & Weber , etc preached that their p rinciples and deterrent examples of administration were universal in their segment and can be applied anywhere with greatest success.CAG gave the idea of scientific studies and emphasised on empirical and ecological(sociable,cultural and diachronic factors) study of various administrative systems. Even though the CAG had to shut shop in the primordial 70s since various administrators and academicians realised that due to the super complex setting which the group had provided for comparative Public Administration studies was resulting in failures in providing real empirical assessment of administration factors in a fiat. They utter that it provided a very good precedeion but the techniques were not being contract to execute the idea. And so the studies was transferred back to the Department of Comparative Studies.Also in 1968, the first Minnowbrook Conference was held under the chairmanship of Dwight Waldo that also talked about the need for ComparativePublic Administratio n study and analysis. Now we leave al adept discourse in detail.APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC garbage disposal 1) Ideal or bureaucratic Approach Bureaucratic specifications are studied for reaching conclusions and developing apprehensiveness. to a lower place this flak structures of geological formations are analysed in terms of their horizontal contraryiation,vertical speciality,span of control,etc. Procedures and rules are analysed and the textile of functioning is determined. Job specifications and descriptions at various nodes are analysed and some understanding is reached on the basis of elaborateness and degree of pickyisation compared in regards to different administrative systems.The terminal points of this approach is that though it has been considered simple but it does not apologise the structures and their functions in parliamentary procedure and gives a very general observation.2) Structural operational Approach It is considered as a ve ry popular approach for comparing various administrative systems and was implemented by Fred W. Riggs in his study for developing his Models of society/ environment/ecology which will be discussed later in this article. This approach analyses society in terms of its various structures and their functions for reaching an understanding regarding their positioning and functioning. Structures here can refer to govt.(political arrangement) and abstract standardized value systems in society. Function is seen as the discharge of duties by these structures in the society.The limitation of this approach is that there has to be a correct identification of the structures before proceeding to analyse them especially in agraria-transitia and amalgamated-prismatic societies.3) bionomical Approach Devised by Riggs this approach states that structures and their functions exist in an inter dependant manner. So if a study is to be undertaken of a particular structure and its function so its effec ts on other systems and their functions of society are also to be analysed. Limitations is that this approach is highly complex and difficult to apply.HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS touch ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS If one notices carefully then it is clearly evident that historical events digest led to the invention of many administrative practises. Though there are aplenty,however,some examples are cited below. 1) English Administrative system England does not take a written constitution mainly because it was a monarchy prevailing there and the raft lived there by conventions and traditions going on from time immemorial.2) Indian Administrative system Reservations are made as Indian society is very diverse in matters of social as well as economic status,etc after a lot of historical events like B.R aAmbedkar and his policies as well as the British division of Hindu and Muslims and other minorities in recite chosenorate system,etc. at that place are various social laws in India that are made from society like panchayats,etc. Tribal welfare is given special attention in India due to existence of tribals in the society. Many offices(bureaucratic,political,economical,etc) are remnants of British legacy like the office of the collector,police dept,civil supporters,etc. Revenue administration here is a modern version inspired by historic Mughal ones.3) USA Administrative system Many historical and sociological factors have also shaped the American system. A few of them cited are the Civil war that lead to providing African American slaves were given the title of citizens and right to vote. Also the second civil rights movement that occurred under the aegis of Martin Luther King jr. leading to elimination of segregation and racial discrimination between shameful and white Americans.4) France Administrative system Arrangement of Droit Administration could be seen associated with the approach and functioning of Napoleon Bonaparte who set the table for a alter administration as an efficient administration.The storming of Bastille incident which was fuelled by economic crisis lead to the overthrow of monarchy there to republican system and led to the establishment of firmness of purpose of the Rights of Man and the Citizen that lead to the first step of Frances constitution framing.ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES1) USA The USA have a federal republican form of government where chairman is the national as well as decision maker period. There is a separate constitution(which bears committal to the federal constitution of 1787) as well as citizenship for every state and they are all bound together in a federation,thus all working as a whole with their autonomy intact. The typography of US specifies the subjects listed for the national/federal and the ones reserved for the States and also the residuary powers lie with the states only.There are three level of governments national or federal,state and local(counti es,townships,cities,etc). Separation of powers between the legislature,executive and work bench is an important aspect.The Senate (Upper set up) and House of Representatives(Lower house) comprise the congress/legislature of the country. There is no specificity in the constitution regarding the administrative system but it does state that the chairperson can from time to time as and when necessary get indicate from the principal officers of the various departments regarding his duty as the chief executive of those departments. There are thirteen departments in the administration that come under the direct control of the president. The President however does not possess the authority to diverge/reorder his cabinet as that power lies with the Congress.Civil operate in USA are also done on merit by warring exams and also at times there are some political appointees too who are chosen by the president for their singular feat in a particular field suitable to the job. some(a) d epartments are headed by individuals whereas some are headed by Boards and Commissions.2) UK It is a perfect and hereditary monarchy. In practise it is a Parliamentary democracy. The Monarch is the head and performs functions akin to the President of India. Legislature is supreme and is bicameral videlicet House of Lords(upper house) and House of Commons(lower house). Executive is headed by the political executive that is the Prime diplomatic minister and his cabinet that consist of ministries staffed by civil servants under ministers. Boards and commissions are formed to operate and regulate various industries andservices. Judiciary is independent.The House of Lords is the highest court of assembling for civil cases and some criminal cases.The Senior hails of England and Wales were receivedly created by the motor lodge Acts as the compulsory woo of Judicature. It was renamed the Supreme Court of England and Wales in 1981, and again to the Senior Courts of England and Wales by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. It consists of the interest courts * Court of Appeal- Deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of both(prenominal) divisions the Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and County Court and genuine superlative tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear appeals from the flush Court connected with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the Supreme Court.* High Court of Justice The High Court of Justice functions, twain as a civil court of first instance and a criminal and civil appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions the milksops Bench, the Chancery and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts, but have somewhat separate procedures and practises adapted to their purposes. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise the jurisdiction of the High Court. However, beginning transactions in the ill-treat division may result in a costs penalty.* Crown Court- is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a express mail list of civil business both at first instance and on appeal.The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment and when exercising such(prenominal) a role it is a superior court in that its judgements cannot be reviewed by the Administrative Court of the Queens Bench Division of the High Court. The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, viz. inter alia, appeals from the Magistrates courts and other tribunals. The Lord Chancellor and Home Secy administrate the juridical system. Civil servants are recruited through merit via open competitive exams.3) FRANCE It is a mixture of Republican as well as Parliamentary form ofgovt. President is the Chief executive and enjoys tremendous powers in the legislature as well as Parliament. Here the President is directly elected by the people.The Prime Minister is then chosen and appointed as per the Presidents wish from the Parliament.The Prime Minister has to enjoy the confidence of both the President and the Parliament in order to sustain his position.Executive is disjunct from legislature and thus the President is not able to influence the executive much but still indirectly the PM has to go by him to enjoy his confidence because most of the times,the parliament and the president are from the same party. Civil services are of two types External recruitment and ingrained recruitment where external recruitment is done through open competitive exams for graduates under 27 years of age and the internal recruitment is for people from the lower echelons of service having at least five years of servi ce and not more than than than 36 years old. They are then chosen and trained at the Ecole fielde Administration for two years.4) JAPAN The Constitution of japan rests on three principles a) sovereignty of people , b) guarantee of Fundamental Rights, c) debunking of war.The Emperor performs the role akin to Indian president. The Japanese people elect their representatives to the Japanese Parliament called aliment which is bicameral that is, House of Councillors and the House Of Representatives. both(prenominal) Houses share equal powers but the house of representatives has superiority in matters of finance. The peak minister is appointed by the prime minister from the Diet who heads the executive and also the Emperor appoints the chief judge of the supreme court.Grants are to be passed by the Diet and then only it is given to the executive. Local govt possess autonomy in its matters. People posses the right to choose their public officials as well as remove them. Civil servi ces are of two types here a) Special govt service includes members of cabinet approved by the Diet like positions of high officials in Imperial Court,Judges,Ambassadors and Ministers,Diet employees,common labourers and employees of state corporations. b) Includes personnel of National govt.,administrative as well as clerical except the Special govt. services ones.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND REPUBLICDemocracy and Republic are two forms of government which are distinguished by their treatment of the Minority, and the individualist, by the mass.In a Democracy, the legal age has unlimited power over the Minority. This system of government does not provide a legal safeguard of the rights of the somebody and the Minority. It has been referred to as Majority over Man.In a Republic, the Majority is Limited and constrained by a written Constitution which protects the rights of the Individual and the Minority. The purpose of a Republic form of government is to control the Majority a nd to protect the God-given, inalienable rights and liberty of the Individual.The United States of America is founded as a Republic under the Constitution. The Ministers head Ministries with directors under them to carry out motion and also to advise the Minister.CURRENT STATUS OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAfter the decline of the comparative administration group (CAG) in the early 1970s,there was a lull in this field due to many factors like speculative and fact based study was only done and so there was problem in the applicability of those models and USA was going through a bad phase in the Vietnamese war and so funds had to be diverted,etc.However, it got a boost once again when scholars like Robert Dahl,James Cloeman,Rapheli,Dwight Waldo etc propagated it and stated that without comparison there can never be a science of administration. Also the behavioural school of thought was bringing in a lot of attention to the fact and value theories of administrative man and so comparative public administration saw a resurgence. In the 80s and 90s studies in CPA resurfaced but with a new objective,philosophy and orientation than its previous predecessors and counterparts. It started to study various arrangements like RTI, swayer of Law,good governance,etc in different countries. It has recently started focusing itself on the analysis of such operations of administrative systems which affect functioning of varioussocieties.The following could be seen as the recent trends in the studies of Comparative Public Administration1) analyse the status of human rights in the nations of the problems associated with human rights. 2) Studying the status of Rule of Law and analysing the barriers if any. 3) Studying the presence of Civil Society Institutions and their role and character in the administrative arrangements of societies. 4) Studying the level of participation and involvement in the implementation of schemes related to welfare of people. 5) Studying the pre sence of arrangements through which obligation of politicians and administrators could be ensured towards the public through the mechanisms prescribe and available like RTI,Citizens charters,Ombudsman,Social Audit,etc.bionomics AND ADMINISTRATIONEcology in simple words relates to Environment. And this environment includes physical,social and cultural aspects. So, basically we are going to talk about the family between administration and the environment it is set in(internal as well as external) and how the affect each other.Environment is the largest system,the rest and others like political systems,administrative systems,etc are all sub systems who work under it. It influences its sub systems and vice versa. They both have to adjust to each other and also reform and flip-flop each other from time to time to stay up to date where the peoples wishes drive the policies and the policies bring in development that uplifts the socio-economic status and level of the environment for pro gress. So they are interdependent and not inversely exclusive of each other.Administration is seen as one of the most significant aspect of any societal arrangement as it makes possible the achievement of governmental function fulfilment. It has been observed that administration of any state happens to be an expression of various unique factors existing in society and is interdependant over other arrangements in the society that provides the stability of all structure in a society. Various scholars like George Orwell in their publications like Shooting an Elephant books have given case studies of how they have seen very much that the administrative systems in different parts of the world perform otherwise in order to suit the environment or ecology they are set in.The ecological approach to Public Administration was first propagated popularly by Fred W. Riggs who studied administrative systems in different countries( emphasis on developing countries) and why there was a vast amo unt of gulf among them while applying the Americanised theories of Public Administration and how they coped up. He found that the main conclude for this uniqueness of administrative systems in the world is the environment that they are set in. Each country had a different environment setting and that played a major(ip) role in the shaping of the administrative system because without the help and approval of its people an administrative system cannot survive and thus it acts according to its environment and in turn it also influences the society with its work and procedures.Max Weber projected an ideal system of bureaucratism where bureaucracy was shown as a closed system unaffected by the environment. A system which Weber assumed would be applicable and successful in all countries irrespective of its socio economic status and thats where he went wrong because we can very well see that the systems in USA and UK etc cannot be applied in an environment of India or any other developin g countries.Weber did provide a very good structure for the organisation of bureaucracy but the part which he missed as cited to a higher place was the starting ground for Riggs when he began his research on the family between ecology and administration. Ecology/Environment affects the administrative system both internally as well as externally.Internally it affects when we take note that in actuality the administrator is a man of society and thus when he is victorious an administrative decision,he will definitely be influenced by his determine,societal and cultural attitude,etc to sort of an extent and that needs to be taken into account.Externally also the ecology/environment affects the administrative organisation by means of social values and rules,culture of the society,dependence on other important subsystems prevalent in the society,etc where the administration and politics have to be in context of the peoples wishes and demands and if they go against it will face a poss ibility of overthrow and revolt anytime.Therefore,one can very conveniently understand from the above mentioned,the delicate and crucial relationship between Ecology and Administration.RIGGSIAN poserS AND THEIR CRITIQUERiggs is considered the pioneer in the field of Ecological Approach to Public Administration. He stated that if studies of Public Administration had to get down really comparative then it has to shift from being Normative(Establishing, relating to, or filiation from a standard or norm, esp. of behavior) to empirical (Based on, concerned with, or nonsubjective by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic), from Ideographic(case by case study and not related to one another) to nomothetic(relating to the study or discovery of general scientific laws) and from non ecological(closed and confined to one area) to ecological(open and cross cultural).He blamed the import of developed countries administrative practices as it is by the developing countries f or their progress without any study as the ground for its failure and the reason for developing countries still lagging behind.In his ecological studies he gave the concept of structural functional approach as a means to study the environment and administration relation. According to this approach every society has various structures that perform specific functions like political,economic,social,symbolic and communicational functions in the society.On the basis of this approach he proceeded to study and listed twotheoretical models to justify the administrative systems in the comparative context. Those models are a) AGRARIA MODEL It is the unpolished society and the characteristics are functional diffusion,particularistic norms,self sufficiency,ascriptive(The attribution of something to a cause) values,stable local groups and limited or no mobility,differentiated stratification. Agraria is agriculture dominated society and Riggs takes chinaware at the time for instance Imperial C hina. In Agrarian primordial preferences like caste and given priority. Occupational pattern is fixed that is Agriculture and carries on for many generations.Very few administrative structures and their functions/duties were not at all specified. b) TRANSITIA MODEL It is the in between society. It is in between or lets use the term in renewal between the Agraria and Industria society and bears features resembling to both. It is on the track to become a developed society from an agricultural society. Examples are India,Thailand,etc. c) INDUSTRIA MODEL It refers to a developed or Industry dominated society. Its characteristics are universalistic norms,Achievement values,specific patterns,high degree of social and spatial mobility,well-developed occupational system,egalitarian class system,prevalence of associations which are functionally specific and non ascriptive. USA is an example of this society.LIMITATIONS AND CRITIQUE OF RIGGS AGRARIA-TRANSITIA-INDUSTRIA MODEL 1) It does not help in examining the transitional societies and is too rigid focusing only on the underdeveloped and developed countries. 2) It does not provide sufficient mechanism to study mixed-type societies. Critics argue that the industrial societies will always retain or have some agrarian features. 3) It assumes a unidirectional movement from an agraria stage to an industria stage. 4) Its major stress is on the environment of the administrative system but not on the administrative system per se. 5) It is too general and abstract with footling resemblance to concrete reality.Consequently Riggs abandoned this typology and proceeded to better it and that resulted in a new typology/model he designed which was the Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted Model.RIGGS IMPROVISED TYPOLOGY FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODELIt is the more improvised and specified version of his previous typology where the Fused society can be compared to the agrarian model,the prismatic society can be compared to the Transitia m odel and the Diffracted society can be compared to the Industria model.This Model was designed to silence those critics who stated that Riggs had not effectively and in detail specified the Transitia society which was very important as most of the world in in that phase.This model effectively detailed all of the typologies.The new model is based on the principle of a prism and how it diffracts amalgamate colours of white featherbrained back into the seven colours of the spectrum when passed through it. White light represents a society with very less degree of specialisation and development and the diffracted spectrum reflects the highly specialised and developed society. The in between prismatic society is the transition society.He stated that neither of the extreme sides exist in nub or as it is but yes,it is certain that they do but in varying degrees as suitable to the environment/ecology.First we will discuss the Fused and Diffracted model and then proceed to explain the Pris matic model. A good understanding of the Fused and Diffracted Model will only be the tool to understand the Prismatic Model features.FUSED MODEL(Ex- Imperial China and Thailand)1) Heavily dependent on agriculture.2) Economic system based on barter system.3) King and officials nominated by the king carry out all administrative,economic and other activities. 4) Royal family and special sects dominate.5) Ascriptive values dominate.6) Having many administrative structures that are part diffracted(perform special functions they are given charge of) and part fused ( many structures performing many functions which are not prescribed to them thus overlapping with the diffracted ones and confusing the system).DIFFRACTED MODEL1) It is the polar opposite of the fused society. Each structure carries out its own functions. 2) Attainment value in society.3) Economic system based on market mechanism(demand and supply) 4) Responsive government5) General consensus among all the people on all basic a spects of social life.PRISMATIC MODEL(Example India,Thailand,etc)1) In real no society is completely fused or completely diffracted. A prismatic society has achieved a certain degree of differentiation or specialisation. 2) Heterogeneity Simultaneous existence of different kinds of system and viewpoints. Example rural-urban,Indian gurukuls western education,homoeopathic-allopathic. Various factors pulling the system apart. Political and administrative officers enjoy enormous influence. Privileges for select groups which may be communal thus creating problem in administration.3) Formalism(Excessive adherence to prescribed forms) Discrepancy between formally prescribed and effectively practiced norms. Rules and regulations are prescribed but wide deviations are observed. Lack of pressure on govt. for programme objectives. flunk of social powers to influence bureaucratic performance. Hypocrisy in social life. Constitution formalism which means that there is a gap between stated pr inciples and actual implementation. 4) Overlapping Differentiated structures coexist with undifferentiated structures of Fused type. naked as a jaybird or modern social structures are created,but traditional social structures preserve to dominate. Example Parliament,Govt,Offices exist but behaviour is still largely governed by family,religion,caste,etc.SUB-SYSTEMS OF THE PRISMATIC MODEL1) Administrative subsystem which is called the SALA MODEL (The Spanish word, Sala, has a variety of meanings like a government office, religiousconference, a room, a pavilion, etc. The word, Sala, is also generally used in East Asian countries more or less with the same meaning.) a) Certain features of bureau ( diffracted ) coexists with certain features of put up ( fused ). Formalism exists1.a. Universalizaiton of law is there but is not followed. 1.b. intention is social welfare but priority is personal aggrandizement. b) Overlapping exists super concentrated authority structure overlaps with localized and dispersed control system.c) Non cooperation among tally communities also reflects in administration. So favouritism and nepotism is widespread d) Existence of clects The preponderating group who use modernmethods of organization but retains diffuse and particularistic death of traditional type. e) For promotion officers depend on ascriptive ties . Officers unresponsive to people . upset polity in which bureaucracy dominates exists. f) Nepotism, corruption and inefficiency.2) Economic subsystem which is also called the fair CANTEEN MODEL a) Market factors ( demand and supply ) as well as area factors ( religious, social, family) dominates the economy. b) This leads to price indeterminacy further deteriorating economic conditions support black marketing, hoarding,adulteration etc.c) Foreign domination and a small discussion section of people dominate economic institution. d) Price of services vary from place to place, time to time and person to person. e) Economi c subsystem acts like subsidized mobile canteen to priviledged & tributary canteen to members of less priviledged, politically non influential or members of alfresco group. f) Wage relation Wide gap exists for same work. Persons with less take may feel motivated to earn more by outlawed means.DEVELOPMENT MODELRising level of diffraction represents development. Higher the level of differentiation ( various structures for various functions ) and integration (coexistence of these structures ),higher the development.If differentiation is high but no sufficient integrative mechanism , it leads to confusion and chaos. Differentiation depends upon technological factors.Integration depends upon 1.a. penetration receptivity of law andgovt. willingness and ability. 1.b. Participation willingness of people to participate.CRITICISM OF RIGGS FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL1) purpose of scientific words does not make administration science. 2) It has highly technical description3) Prismati c and sala models are equilibrium models and does not lead to social change. 4) Lack of measurement of level of diffraction in prismatic or diffracted society. 5) Diffracted society is also not desirable because it is static and in equilibrium. 6) Difficult to get a line the level of differentiation and integration for development. 7) Lack of international perspective.8)Wrong analytical tool.9) Fails to explain the role of administration in society.10) Overlapping is not specific phenomena of prismatic society but exists in diffracted society also. 11) Prismatic model has a negative character.Irrespective of the criticism Riggs attracted there is no denying that he set the table and standards for Comparative Public Administration and got to the root of the failure of Americanised and Europised Public Administration practices failing in developing countries, through his important double called The Ecological approach to Public Administration,and also suggested the issues that plagu e the developing countries and how to rectify them.