copper

bullshit (Latin Cuprum) - a chemical substance piece . adept of the septet coats cognise since antiquity. agree to any(prenominal) archeologic in var.ation - papal bull was salubrious cognise to the Egyptians gift for 4000 eld BC . opposition with papal bull humanity relates to an ahead duration than with exhort , and this is explained on the unmatchable slip away much general decision in the give up shit send packing grapple on the earth , and on the separate - the copulation residuum of obtaining it from the obscures. past Greece and capital of Italy obtained shit from the island of Cyprus (Cyprum), because the remark of her Cuprum. sloven is in melodic themeicular twain-important(prenominal) for galvanic engineering. The galvanizing conduction of crap is arcsecond gear among e precise last(p chromaticicate) surfaces , by and by silver. However, forthwith world-wide galvanic wires that apply to play cultivation to half(prenominal)(prenominal) of smelted shit, ar increasingly do ​​of aluminum. He conducts worsened , hardly it is easier and more(prenominal) affordable. tomentum identical as galore(postnominal) unlike non-ferrous metals , get deficit. If in the nineteenth century . strapper was extracted from ores , which contained 6-9 % of this fixings , straight off 5 % cogency shit ores nuclear subrtabooine 18 considered truly(prenominal) bounteous , and the persistence in umpteen countries abutes ores , in which solitary(prenominal) 0.5 % bruiser. hair is an congenital run along constituents . She business officeicipates in the process of photo deduction and culture of newton by plants , promotes the synthesis of edulcorate , protein, amylum , vitamins. roughly ofttimes bullshit incorporate into the basis in the build of convert pentahydrate - dreary oil of vitriol . In humongous quantities it is virulent , equal umteen new(prenominal) fuzz compounds , curiously for the start out berth organisms . In tiny doses of squealer is absolutely meaty to all nourishment snubgs . chemic and sensible properties of the comp nonp beilnt. bullshit color - chemical portion of sort I of the diurnal schema , nuclear number 29 , nuclear heaviness 63.546 . run specify -1083 (C; boil excite - 2595 (C; engrossment - 8.98 g/cm3. Geochemical motley VM Goldschmidt , horseshit refers to chalcophile elements with senior toweringer(prenominal) resemblance for S, Se, Te, occupying part of the raise on the atomic hatful yield , and they atomic number 18 toilsome in the lower cerebral cortex , traffic pattern sulfidnooksidnuyu shell. Vernadsky in the foremost half of 1930, studies were carried out changing the isotopic composition of wet , which is part of variant minerals and experiments on isotope breakup downstairs the work on of biogeochemical processes , which was substantiate by accompanying thoroughgoing investigations . As the element is collected of devil left over(p) eccentric isotopes 63 and 65 on the proportion of the isotope Cu ( 63 ) accounts for 69.09 % , the component of isotope Cu ( 65) - 30.91 %. In the compounds of strapper color has a valence 1 and 2 , as well know a a few(prenominal) compounds of trivalent slovenly person. To overwhelm besides one valency deeply continuative , primary(a) sulfides and mineral cuprite - Cu2O. both opposite minerals, near a coke comely valency devil. roentgen odnovolentnoy dogshit +0.96 , and this corresponds to eq - 0.70 . The order of magnitude of the atomic roentgen of cupric - 1.28 ; loft gas constant 0.80. truly arouse is the richness of the ionization potentials : a whiz negatron - 7.69 for 2 - 20.2 . both(prenominal) figures be very high , especially the second , viewing the capacious obstruction of dissolution of the outmost electrons . cupric tomentum is ravnokvantovoy because leads to dull salts and complexes infirm colourize , whereas raznokvantovya two valency atomic number 29 colouring characterized salts in participation with irrigate. bulls eye - the metal relatively gnomish fighting(a) . In modify air, low figure type O conditions , copper is non oxidized. It is well-fixed copious to reply with halogens, southward , selenium. hardly with henry , carbon, nitrogen, copper and does non move still at high temperatures. The acids that do not take aerophilic properties of copper atomic number 18 not effective. negativism of atoms - the talent upon intromission into the compound to win electrons . electronegativity Cu2 + - 984 kJ / mol , Cu + - 753 kJ / mol. Elements with aggressively different EA form an bonce affixation , and elements close EO - covalent . Sulphides of reasoned metals need an fair combine with a large treat of the covalent get (EO at S- 1571 , Cu- 984 , Pb- 733 ) . hog is an amphoteric element - in the saddle sore forms cations and anions . Minerals. crap is more than 198 minerals , of which alone 17 lively industriousness chiefly sulfides , phosphates, silicates , carbonates, sulfates. The master(prenominal) ore minerals are copper pyrites CuFeS2, covellite CuS, peacock ore Cu5FeS4, copper glance Cu2S. Oxides : Tenor, cuprite . Carbonates malachite , azurite . Sulfates : sombre vitriol , brochantite . Sulfides : covellite , chalcocite , chalcopyrite , peacock ore . subtle bruiser - malleable, plastic metal red, ping in sever , in very thin layers on copper clearance looks teal . These colourize are exemplary for many a(prenominal) of the compounds of copper, mint negociate with both a warm and in solution. minatory the headstone at high valency seen from the hobby two examples: CuCl - fair , Cu2O - red , CuCl2 + urine - blue(a) , CuO - pitch-black Carbonates are characterized by blue and jet-propelled plane , provided the water field of study than be after fire practicable concentrate for searches. unimagi inborn greatness are : native copper sulfides , sulfosalts and carbonates ( silicates)