What is an Organ Broker? :: Transplants Health Medicine Crime Essays

What is an Organ Broker? A poor man is desperate to make money to feed his family in an undeveloped country. A rich man is sick and needs a kidney transplant in order to survive. He is willing to pay whatever it takes to fulfill his life. A greedy man acts as a middleman, or constituent, between the two men and goes home with a profit of thousands of dollars. Organ brokers are around common for organizing kidney transplants and other non-essential organs. However, occasionally organ brokers will bribe the family of a deceased for essential organs such as heart and liver.The ethical head teacher Is the broker creation benevolent by making a match to save someones life, or is the broker disobeying an ethical code by bribing the poor man for his kidney and charging the rich man to save his own life so that the broker profits?Making a match For a broker to make any money at all, he must first make a match between a willing donor and a needy, rich recipient. The most common org an brokering is for kidneys. Due to the laws in the United States and other highly developed countries, brokering organs is extremely rare. Brokers typically seek divulge the impoverished in undeveloped countries not only for their willingness to do anything for a small sum of money, but also for the lack of legal regulations and enforcement. After a broker has found a willing donor, tests are run to determine the blood type and specific organ characteristics. A broker will then(prenominal) make a list of his potential donors and their test results. Next a needy recipient must be found and matched with an organ on the list. When a match is found, the donor is contacted and brought to the surgical operation locationtypically in a host country where the operation can be done behind unopen doors or without being noticed. In the end, the donor goes home with a small sum of money, the recipient is out hundreds of thousands of dollars and the broker and doctor profit greatly, regardless of the operation being a success or failure.Dealing with the ethical issues Under what circumstances do we decide whether it is just to save another human beings life? Health professionals that question the standards of the brokers fuel the ethical debate.

Use of Elemental Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay

Use of Elemental Imagery in Jane Eyre The use of elemental tomography in Jane Eyre, sustained throughout the novel both metaphorically and literally, is one of Charlotte Bronts major stylistic devices. The natural opposition of the two elements of water and fire (the war of the earthly elements, as Jane puts it) highlights the need for the titular heroine to find remainder between points identified as extremes. However, as David Lodge notes, we should be mistaken in looking for a rigidly schematic system of elemental imagery and reference in Jane Eyre. Fire and water images in the novel have their shifting associations, which reflect on the characters of Jane, Rochester and St John Rivers. The broad suitability of the images shows that they can be both destructive forces and agents of renewal. Using them as both allows Bront to show how far the characters have learnt to reconcile the Romantic desire for passion with the need for restraint, for it is only in that way that true per sonal selfhood can be realised. And this search for a personal selfhood, where one is judged on ones own character, not societys usual manner of taste based on title, money or beauty, can be said to be the focus in the novel. It is instructive to note that fire, used metaphorically, is almost solely used to describe Jane and Rochester. Fire is associated with passion, and it is imperative for the characters to learn that while passion is a valuable quality, without which any relationship would be a cold and suddenly one, it is not the only component of a relationship other qualities like mutual respect and honesty must be present. Fire is a sober servant, but a bad master, as the old saying goes. The fire within both parties creates t... ...Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 David Lodge, Fire and Eyre Charlotte Bronts War of Earthly Elements Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. vituperative Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston G. K. Hall, 1990. Jane Eyre. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. William Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996 Kadish, Doris. The Literature of Images Narrative Landscape from Julie to Jane Eyre. New Brunswick Rutgers UP, 1986.Lodge, Scott. Fire and Eyre Charlotte Brontes War of Earthly Elements. The Brontes A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Gregor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1970. 110-36.McLaughlin, M.B. away or Future Mindscapes Pictures in Jane Eyre. Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972) 22-24.Solomon, Eric. Jane Eyre Fire and Water. College English 25 (1964) 215-217.

Animal Farms Essay -- Literary Analysis, Orwell

Though Communism started in the early 1900s, its adverse effects are still felt in unexampled economies, global relations, and even literature such as wolf Farm by George Orwell. Communism started under the rule of Vladimir Lenin a man who brought prosperity and reform. thusly it was passed down to the vengeful dictator Joseph Stalin. After several changes in power, it remains as an economic and political system. Like the animals in Animal Farm the multitude want a great change, and are willing to stop at no cost. However, like the Russian people they soon find out that by using communism to free them from bondage, they are only slaves to a new master and lose all reminisce of past culture. The winter of 1917 was one of the harshest winters Russia had confront in years. Food was scarce and the people were ravaged with disease. Peasants morosely toiled in the fields only to see their harvest consumed by the aristocracy. Each day was a prolonging of the inevitable revolution to c ome. However, like all great revolutions, they needed both an ideological leader, and one with the ability to carry out the actual revolution. These qualities were found in Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Like Old Major in Animal Farm, Karl Marx spurs the revolution with the idea that the proletariats no longer have to be subservient to the Bourgeoisie (Marx xi). The animals had the incentive to prolong Old Major, because he envisioned a totally equal society and wonders such as hot and cold water in all barns. A classless society appealed to the majority of Russians of whom 80% were serfs (Gottfried 79). Now that the ideological aspect had been taken care of they just needed someone to put the plan into action. Vladimir Lenin was the passing game of the Bolshevik (those of ... ...Putin is the current Prime Minister of Russia and has said he wishes to run again in the next elections. Though the Cold War has been over for more(prenominal) than 19 years communism has soured Russian relations with the U.S. and all the countries it previously occupied. Russia is still undergoing economic and political transition, but like the animals in Animal Farm, in order to gain freedom they have become their own worst enemies capitalists.In conclusion the deceiving lure of utopian communism is depicted in Animal Farm by George Orwell. Like the Russian people the animals hope to have a totally equal society, but for this dream they must relinquish much more. They eventually succumb to totalitarian communism and in order to gain freedom must pay the ultimate price. For the animals it was becoming the humans and for the Russian people it was succumbing to capitalism.

Its Time to Stop the Censorship Music with Explicit Lyrics Essay

Its Time to Stop the Censorship Music with Explicit LyricsMusic with explicit lyrics or pith started having black and white parental advisories on them in 1994 (http//www.riaa.org/Parents-Advisory-4.cfm). Are these labels inevitable? Is controversial melody molding our society and causing teenagers to turn to drugs? Is censorship necessary to protect the youth of our nation. Generally, younger people are against censorship on this issue. Music is an outlet and even an anti-drug for many teens however, parents and society feel differently. Should parents censor their children or society, many parents would like to raise their ownchildren. Censorship, like charity should begin at home but unlike charity, it should end there, is a quote by Clare Boothe Luce (Fitzhenry, 84). Many believe that the explicit lyrics and content in this controversial medicine like Eminem will turn their children to crime and drugs. Music censorship started in the united States in the late fifties and cont inues till today. Will it ever go too far or stop? Society causes a lot of medical specialty censorship. Starting in the late fifties and early sixties members of society made efforts to censor R&B music(http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm). They were concerned that the music endorsed wild living, promiscuous sex, and lewd dancing (http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm). During the late sixties and seventies, Jim Morrisons dark and suggestive lyrics stirred up communities, and parents were appalled to go across Elvis Presleys hip-thrusting (http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm). Society censors music like this because they are afraid of it. They think it will alter the minds of their children and cause them to do things they would withstand never done if it were never suggested in a songs lyrics. Music mirrors the society that creates it (http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm). Some people believe this, plot of land others believe that music causes problems in our society such as crime and drugs. For every person who believes certain lyrics portray a frightening world, there is a nonher(prenominal) person who finds them deep and powerful because that world is all too real (http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm). A number of people believe there is a correlation between album sales and the parental adviso... ...ost, I believe that music censorship infringes our first amendment to the Constitution, freedom of speech. Saying that music artists may not use certain words is the same as saying a newspaper cannot print a certain article in my opinion. Yet it seems that music is an easier target because pro-censorship groups claim that they are helping the youth of America. Sources1. About R.O.C. 11 February 2002. http//www.theroc.org/aboutroc/roc10.htm2. Controversial Music, The Beat Goes On. 7 February 2002. http//teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm3. Fitzhenry, Robert I., ed. The Harper Book of Quotations. new-sprung(prenominal) York, New York Harper Collins Publishers Inc., 1993. 4. Hoffman, Hank. Wal-Mart Blues. 18 February 2002. http//www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/01.09.97/walmart-music-9702.html5. Record Industry Association of America. 7 February 2002. http//www.riaa.org/Parents-Advisory-4.cfm6. The 2 fail Crew. 11 February 2002. http//music.lycos.com/artist/bio.asp?QW=2+Live+Crew&AN=The+2+Live+Crew&MID=66486&MH7. Winfield, Betty Houchin and Davidson, Sandra, eds. Bleep Censoring Rock and Rap Music. Wesport, Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1999.

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation :: Research Cooking Geogrpahy Papers

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation Abstract This paper will attempt to show others the differences and similarities in food preparation payable to differences in altitudes. Accordingly, this paper will explore the adjustments necessary to cook in different locations and at different elevations. This paper is of interest to me because I live at an elevation of over 10,572 feet. The backs of boxes do not indicate changes of this type. This also interests me because I have a joy for being in the kitchen. National Standards A concourse of parents, educators, business people, and organizations has developed a list of standards for educators to use as a reference in order to make the United States internationally competitive (14, p 9). These standards should apply to this paper and to all geography related topics. Three standards have been chosen to focus the attention of this paper. The first one is number six Knows and understands that subtlety and experiences influence p eoples perception of places and experiences. This applies because on that point will be a different perspective on cooking for those who live in broken altitudes than to those who live at higher ones. The second one that applies is number 14 Knows and understands how the earths physical and human systems are connected and interact. It is because of the physical purlieu that the human system of cooking is altered. Finally, number 18 Knows and understands how to apply geography to interpret the present and the future. This standard is used to show that at present there are still a lot of experiments to complete, so that perhaps in the future we will be better prepared to adjust to higher elevations. mental home As the twenty-first century is rapidly approaching people have a lot on their minds wars, shortages of fuel leading to higher gas prices, doable computer crashes, and who will be the prominent leaders, among other things. This paper is designed to allow the reader to escap e into the world nearly everyone enjoys, eating. Food is required to view as life. Even small children know that fact however, not everyone knows that food also has emotional and psychological effects. Food is the source of security, satisfaction, hospitality, and status (1, p 8). Involved in the last of these, status, is a large element of social interaction and acceptance. Accordingly, the area in which a mortal lives is one of the largest factors determining the eating habits a person develops (1, p 2).

AFGHANISTAN A Second Chance to Transform a Nation :: Essays Papers

AFGHANISTAN A Second Chance to Transform a Nation GRAPHI. Historical Background, Pre-European hitchBefore Western European intervention in its affairs, Afghanistaniistan progressed relatively well while resisting the interference of invading foreigners. The region was among the first to domesticate plants and animals over 50,000 geezerhood ago, and in the 2000s BCE, urban centers served as important centers of commerce and craft. The city of Mundigak, located near the modern city of Kandahar, possibly invented bronze and served as an important overtaking between Mesopotamia and other Indus valley civilizations. Its relative prominence and strategic value led Darius the Great to expand the Persian Empire into the majority of Afghanistan in an onslaught around 500 BCE that included some of its most metropolitan areas. In a foreshadowing of conflicts to come over the next few thousand years, the Afghan people constantly revolted against an d attacked the Persian authority with their tribal groups, particularly in the Arachosia region. After 200 years, Alexander the Great conquered Persia, which consequently led to another encroachment into Afghanistan met by constant and bloody revolt. In 50 AD, Kushan rule was established by King Kanishka, but the empire fragmented into hostile dynasties 170 years later, setting up the stage for the White Hun invasion of 400 AD that resulted in the destruction of Afghani Buddhist culture. In 550 AD, Persians reaffirmed control over close to the modern boundaries of Afghanistan, but once again, Afghan tribes revolted fiercely against the Persian occupiers. These events should have served as important and noted precedents for future generations of invaders (Chronological History of Afghanistan).II. Early Precedents of Failed Western discussion in Afghani AffairsThe region of Afghanistan became strategically significant with Great Britains colonization of India. By the early nin eteenth century, India provided vast amounts of resources, land, and profit for England, and the British considered India the jewel of their imperial crown that needed to be protected at all costs (Chirnside). Under its tsarist rule, Russia had been expanding in many directions, and southward seemed to be the next logical alternative. Russia sent various diplomatic envoys that began to gain favor with Dost Muhammad, the acting ruler of Afghanistan during that time.

Death of Mrs. Mallard

Causes of Mrs. mallards Death After reading Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour, readers are left in wonder as to what ultimately resulted in the stopping point of Mrs. Louise Mallard. While the very end suggests heart disease as the culprit, further analyzation of the story points towards a few other, deeper and slightly more than complex instances. The first thing we learn about Mrs. Mallard is that she has heart trouble. This heart trouble turns is both mental and physical and is both within her personify and the relationship with her husband, Brently Mallard. Her heart trouble is what makes the announcement of Brentlys death so threatening to her.Someone that has a weak heart would not be able to locoweed very well with such brisks. Therefore, the fact that Mrs. Mallard has heart problems proves to be a significant cause of her death. Another contri saveing factor in Mrs. Mallards death may have been the reporting of her husbands death. Mrs. Mallards sister, Josephine, announ ces that Brently was killed in a train accident. Mrs. Mallards reaction is not the same as a normal womans would be with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. Instead, she weeps immediately, afterwards past(a) to her own room. The news of Brentlys death reveals to Mrs.Mallard her freedom from the oppression she probably experienced while married to Brently. The good intentions of Josephine might be another cause of Mrs. Mallards death. Josephine is the person who informs Louise of the bad news. Josephine tells Louise in broken sentences. Later, after Louise retires to her room, it is Josephine who is trying to check up on her, interrupting Louises realization and enjoyment of her newly found freedom. Together, they go downstairs, to Brentlys unexpected light and Louises death. The fact that Mrs. Mallard has heart trouble has an effect on the way that others have to comprehend her.Josephines awareness of her sisters condition may have caused her to try and be as gent le as possible when informing Mrs. Mallard, but still contributed to breaking her unintentionally anyways. The emotional rollercoaster that Mrs. Mallard is thrown on is probably one of the bigger factors in her death. The news of her husbands death is the first big drop on the ride. It is a huge shock to Mrs. Mallard. She grieves, but then retires to her room alone where she goes into deep thought. This is where she discovers that she is a free frame and soul from marriage and her husband. Her newly found independence is forbidden to her initially.She tries hard to fight joy that came with her realization because she feels guilty. Then, she begins to embrace it. She is elated and exits her room with a new perspective on the matter. She comes downstairs to the return of her very not dead husband and is again shocked and faced with another huge drop. These high ups and pitiful downs are emotionally tiring to Mrs. Mallard. They are not any help to the fact that she has a weak heart. The biggest cause of Mrs. Mallards death is when Brently returns. She has already come to terms with Brentlys death and is looking positively towards her new future as a free woman.She finds joy in this and Brentlys return rips her freedom away from her, resulting in her death from not joy itself, but rather the loss of joy from losing the freedom she was so fond of. There were more causes that went into Mrs. Louise Mallards death. Her heart condition, the news of her husband, Brently Mallards, death, her sisters good intentions, the emotional rollercoaster, and her sudden loss of freedom all add up against Mrs. Mallard. In the end, Mrs. Mallard wasnt strong enough to handle all of these ups and downs.

The Effect of Smoking

In todays civilization, baccy smoking has always been discouraged by communities and organizations due to its lethal effects on human health, only its impact on the environment has not been taken into account. Even though people atomic number 18 aw ar of all the side-effects, that are associated with smoking, they still tend to try it anyways. Not only is tobacco bad for the physical exerciser, but it can be a endangerment to the planet itself. This results because of deforestation, a polluted ecosystem, and unfertile soil. Tobacco smoking is an addictive habit that is becoming increasingly common.As the number of people smoking tobacco grows, farmers figure out ways to make more of it. Unfortunately, they result to clearing land reserved for forests. Before the tobacco plant can be utilize to make cigarettes, it has to be dried or cured. The principal(prenominal) approach farmers take to cure the crop is usually coal, natural gas or oil. Since tobacco farmers get down from p oor countries, they must use the most economically suitable option, firewood. In order to provide this wood, large amounts of trees are dislodged. Trees have much importance and use in our ecosystem that most people dont understand.As stated by the Tree and Shrub Company, they play their role in the environment by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife (Importance and Value of Trees). Even though deforestation helps in producing tobacco, its negative impacts overweigh the positive and as a result, it get out lead to a damaged environment. Tobacco smokes indirect effect on the environment does not end there. Another major reward that smoking tobacco brings is that it pollutes the water. This can be brought back to the farms in which the tobacco seeds are planted.These plants are vulnerable to thousands of insects that may bring sickness to the plant, causing death. Consequently, plants are sprayed r egularly and heavily with pesticide to prevent pests and disease. This in turn brings rise to other problems such as a danger to the health of the farmer and these chemicals have a risk of leaking into the community water. This will cause the water to become contaminated, and affect not only the community but most species in that environment. As pesticides fire from our lawn to nearby rivers and streams, they bring harmful chemicals along the way.This not only pollutes the water, but it also risks the lives of the animals in that environment. Not only will these pesticides risk animal lives, but it will also decrease water quality by huge amounts making the community at risk from getting sick from the water. Another major issue people dont consider while smoking tobacco is its impact on the soil. Ground pollution is one of the main concerns for the environment. Tobacco plants demand high concentrations of fertilizer for optimal growth. Since these plants are grown in poor countries , farmers cannot afford fertilizers.Consequently, the plants absorb nutrients from the soil until infertility occurs. This may calculate simple, but the effect on the environment is huge. Due to lack of nutrients in the soil, plants that depended on it will usually be denied the nutrients they so badly need. As a result, most plants will become either very weak or they will die. This not only decreases wildlife species, but it endangers other animals as well. This is because animals that depend on those plants will most likely lose their source of food, leading to the extinction of those species.

A Comparative Study: Quality of Life in Rural and Urban Communities Essay

Happiness, tone satisfaction, and subjective well-being are closely connected to quality of emotional state. Accordingly, quality of life is delimit based on different approaches. It screw depend if the approach is objective or subjective or if the approach is negative or positive. It can also be defined according to its use, any in academic writing or everyday life. Thus, quality of life has no exact or universal definition (Susniene & Jurkauskas, 2009).Quality of Life (QoL) is ordinarily referred to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) (1997) as the soulfulnesss perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they last and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns and a broad ranging concept extended in a complex way by the persons somatogenetic health, mental state, level of independence, companionable relationships, personal beliefs, and the relationship to salient features of their environment. The Dictionary of Human Geography 5th Edition (2009) defines that quality of life has the following dimensions income, wealth and employment, build environment, physical and mental health, education, social disorganization, social belonging, and recreation and leisure. Quality of life is a broad multidimensional concept that also includes subjective evaluation and perception. It is defined in different ways in varying disciplines by individuals or groups. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2013), the quality of life in the Philippines rank 114th out of the 187 countries in year 2012.It is unchanged for two consecutive years from year 2011. The Philippines HDI was lower than Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore but higher than Indonesia and Vietnam. UNDP uses the Human Development proponent (HDI) to measure quality of life with three dimensions specifically health, education, and income. Looking at where the Philippines ranked in comparison wit h the quality of life of early(a) countries, it seems that the res publica is locomote behind. It is quite interesting then to determine the QoL in the local perspective specifically in Batangas City.Unexpectedly, Batangas City, which is where the involve was conducted, commits itself in improving quality of life of its citizen, and it is say in their mission To improve the quality of life of the citizen through sustained efforts to attain a balance agro-industrial development to set out more employment opportunities and adequately return the basic infrastructure utilities, facilities and social services necessary for a robust community. Thus, the mission reflects how the local government of Batangas City values the quality of life of their contemporaries.This weigh can support sound judgement of QoL in cost of the four indicators of the study and can project the effect of the governments effort in uplifting the life of the people. In the researchers search for related l iteratures and studies, they have found out that this inquiry about Batanguenos quality of life is the first of its kind in the locality. The government does not have any available research studies in the past tackling about QoL or any direct means of measuring it. Hence, this undertaking is a stepping stone in closely monitoring improvement in the peoples way of life.This study will benefit the local government, future(a) tense researchers, academic institutions, and, above all, the residents of Batangas City. The researchers embarked in this study to contribute a proportional assessment on the quality of life between rural and urban communities in Batangas City as well as to look at the perception of residents about satisfaction in life with regard to certain indicators. Since each individual innately pursue happiness and life satisfaction that constituted in obtaining QoL, the interest of the researchers were aroused.The researchers aimed to provide a thorough examination on peoples QoL for both rural and urban communities on the basis of the four indicators of the study. Moreover, they also wanted to compare and contrast the QoL of respondents in terms of their profile to find association in it. Being the first study about quality of life in the province of Batangas and the latest assessment of liveliness condition in the country for years, this study wished to contribute in enhancing the Filipino lives and to serve its purpose as an instrument in promoting good life for each and every citizen of the Philippines.Statement of the line This study aimed to know the quality of life in rural and urban barangays of Batangas City to provide a comparative examination of life among people living in two different communities. More specifically, it sought to answer the following questions 1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of 1. 1 sex 1. 2 age 1. 3 civil status 1. 4 educational attainment and 1. 5 type of community? 2. How can quality of life of re spondents be assessed in terms of 2. 1 built environment 2. 2 physical and mental health 2. 3 social belonging and 2. 4 recreation and leisure? 3.Is there a epoch-making relationship between the profile of respondents and their quality of life? 4. Is there a significant difference in the quality of life between rural and urban communities? 5. What activity can be proposed to promote the quality of life of Batangas City residents? Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study This study focused on the comparative assessment of rural and urban quality of life in Batangas City. Specifically, the study was designed to measure QoL in terms of the four indicators of the study namely built environment, physical and mental health, social belonging, and recreation and leisure.The study identified the association between the profile of respondents and their QoL. The profile variables included sex, age, civil status, educational attainment, and type of community. Moreover, this study would provide a comparative examination of QoL in rural and urban communities in Batangas City. Respondents of the study came from the first five locations in Batangas City determined in terms of population. The first five barangays with the highest population in rural and urban communities served as the research environment of the study.Rural communities comprised of Balete, Tingga Labac, Tabangao Ambulong, San Jose Sico, and Sampaga while urban communities included Sta. Rita Karsada, Poblacion, Alangilan, Bolbok, and Cuta. The study was conducted from April 2013 to October 2013. This study did not seek to include other locations in Batangas City which were not mentioned above. This study did not cover the whole situation of the province of Batangas or other cities and municipalities therein in terms of quality of life. Factors such as income, wealth and employment, education, and social disorganization were not measured in this study.Significance of the Study This comparative study on t he quality of life of rural and urban communities aims to provide awareness on the QoL between rural and urban barangays in Batangas City. It also seeks to provide awareness on the present condition of the life of the people of Batangas to better understand the things that need to be improved and developed. This study will benefit researchers, students, the academe, and the community. This study would pave the way for the possibility of determining and closely investigating certain indicators of quality of life in both rural and urban communities.It would also generate information on how the profile of respondents relates to QoL. More specifically, this study would be of significant use to the following To the people of Batangas, this undertaking is a reflection of the most novel real life situation of the people of Batangas City that exposes the life they have today. This would help them better understand the living conditions they have and how to improve or get up it. To local g overnment officials and offices, this study would serve as a framework for their future projects and activities related to improving or enhancing quality of life.To the City of Batangas, this study would provide a written reflection of the present condition of the city of Batangas and the mirrored situation of the past and present. It would benefit Batangas because this study would serve as the shadow of the life the people has today. Batangas State University, this study would be a proof that Borbonians have the capability of producing quality, relevant, and scientific research study. To the College of Arts and Sciences, this study would be another motion of academic excellence and would serve as an evidence of the quality education that this university can offer.This thesis would be an addition to the pool of knowledge generated in this institution. To psychological science students, this would serve as a basis for future researchers focused in the examination and analysis of lif e and ways to improve or enhance it. To future researchers, this study would serve as a reference for future studies about quality of life concerned with the following domains built environment, physical and mental health, social belonging, and recreation and leisure.

Teenage Curfews Essay

Everyone has a different opinion when discussing the issues of curfews. Councils across Britain have tried to come up with a strategy for young teenagers to remain indoors among specified hours, typically at night. Police forces are trying to impose that teenagers must have a curfew. Teenagers themselves do not get to have a say in the matter. 90% of teenagers already have a curfew that has been imposed by their parents.Although every teenager is different, the local community, the local council and the police believe dis daub a curfew in place pull up stakes stop a lot of crime, vandalism, underage smoking, boozing and sex. One of the worries for putting a curfew in place is how will the teenagers react? The police have knuckled down on teenagers. If they see people under the age of eighteen smoking, they have the right to take their cigarettes off them unless have to break them up in front of the smoker. If people under the age of eighteen as well are caught with alcohol (usua lly in a crowd) they also have the right to take their bottles but have to pour the alcohol out in front of them, but if there is a couple of youths drinking in the streets they can get lifted or even charged.The two types of curfews are complete curfews and partial curfews. First of all a complete curfew is in place constantly. So, for example, if police find a teenager out on the streets past a certain time they have the right to take them folk or even to the cells if they had been causing bother. Secondly, a partial curfew is put in place when there are particular times where anti sociable style has taken place, for example when it is a weekend or school holidays and teenagers can be out all day and night with no adult management to keep them from starting trouble. Some people believe that a curfew should be put in action because it keeps teenagers of the streets and stops them from behaving antisocially. It is good for parents to agnise where their children are and for them to know they arent out on the streets causing trouble so it can make parents feel more relaxed. 75% of adults would agree that having a curfew in place is to protect their children and keep them out of trouble. A common saying coming from parents is A lot of the worst activities teenagers can get involved in take chances later at night, so if the teen is in at the time they are given it well help keep them out of trouble. Its sterile to think all the crime happens late at night but the majority of crime that does happen is at night so

Chem

Organic Chemistry I Spring 2013 Practice test 1. Name the adjacent compounds a. 5-tert-butyl-7-isopropyl-6-sec-butyl-undecane b. cis-2-(5,6-dimethylheptyl)-6-(3-methylpentyl)piperidine c. trans -2-nonyl-3-octyl-tetrahydrofuran d. trans-1,6-dimethylbicyclo4. 3. 0nonane e. cis-6,8-ditert-butylspiro3. 5nonane f. 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene g. (Z)-3-bromo-4-fluoro-5-methyl-oct-4-ene h. (E)-8-(1-chloroethyl)nonadec-8-ene 2. Draw the social organizations of the following compounds a b e c f d g h 3.Draw the structure of the following compounds in Newman projections and in president conformations a b c d e 4. Draw the most stable isomer of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylcyclohexane. a. Which atoms/groups are i. gauche to axial hydrogen on C2 A t-butyl, C6, methyl, C4 ii. anti to equatorial substituent on C3 A C5, C1 b. What is the relationship between i. tert-butyl group and equatorial hydrogen on C2 A gauche ii. equatorial hydrogen on C4 and C6 A anti 5. Draw all isomers of 4-tert-butyl-2-ethyl-1-met hylcyclohexane (ignore mirror images) in their most stable conformations.Arrange the structures from the least stable to the most stable. 6. Cyclohexylmethanol and 1-methylcyclohexanol are converted to their corresponding bromides. Write a suitable mechanism for each reaction, and assign each the appropriate symbol (SN1 or SN2). OH O H H Br H + Br SN2 Br O H H Br + H2O OH O H Br O + H2O + Br SN1 Br Br 7. Give the structure of the principal organic product formed by photochemical bromination of methylcyclopropane, draw the mechanism of the reaction. Br2, h? h? Br Br H . .Br Br Br Br 2Br . . + HBr Br + . Br

Cases

1. Commonwealth v State of Tas soldieryia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Commonwealth_v_Tasmania 2. lee(prenominal) v Knapp In Lee v Knapp 1967 2 QB 442 an go required that a motorist stop after an diagonal. The defendant claimed that they did in fact mo manpowertarily halt, out front proceeding, accordingly complying with a commonly certain literal meaning of stop. The judge found that in this circumstance stop meant halt and wait for patrol or former(a) officials to investigate the accident. A literal interpretation was against the purpose of the police force. 3a Smith v Hughes SMITH v HUGHES (1960) 1 WLR 830LORD PARKER CJ These be six appeals by demeanor of chemise stated by oneness of the stipendiary magistrates sit at Bow Street, before whom informations were preferred by police officers against the defendants, in each mooring that she being a common prostitute, did solicit in a driveway for the purpose of whoredom, contrary to section 1 (1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959. The magistrate in each wooing found that the defendant was a common prostitute, that she had solicited and that the solicitation was in a lane, and in each case fined the defendant.The facts, to exclusively intents and purposes, raise the same point in each case in that location are minute differences. The appellants in each case were non themselves physically in the course exactly were in a house adjoining the street. In one case the appellant was on a balcony and she attracted the guardianship of manpower in the street by tapping and calling fling off to them. In separate cases the appellants were in ground-floor windows, either closed or half open, and in a nonher case in a first-floor window.The sole principal here is whether in those pile each appellant was soliciting in a street or public provoke. The words of s. 1 (1) of the Act are in this form It shall be an offence for a common prostitute to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of whoredom. Observe that it does non ordain there specifically that the nearone who is doing the soliciting must be in the street. Equally it does non say that it is enough if the person who receives the solicitation or to whom it is addressed is in the street.For my part, I approach the matter by considering what is the mischief aimed at by this Act. Everybody knows that this was an Act intended to clean up the streets, to enable people to walk along the streets without being molested or solicited by common prostitutes. Viewed in that way, it can matter bitty whether the prostitute is soliciting speckle in the street or is standing in a doorway or on a balcony, or at a window, or whether the window is closed(a) or open or half open in each case her solicitation is projected to and addressed to psyche walking in the street.For my part, I am content to base my decision on that ground and that ground alone. I think that the magistrate came to a condemn polish in each case, and that these appeals should be dismissed. LORD PARKER CJ These are six appeals by way of Cases Stated by one of the stipendiary magistrates sitting at Bow Street, before whom informations were preferred by the respondent in each case against the appellant for that she being a common prostitute, did solicit in a street for the purpose of prostitution, contrary to s 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959. The magistrate in each case found that the appellant was a common prostitute, that she had solicited and that the solicitation was in a street, and in each case fined the appellant. The facts, to all intents and purposes, raise the same point in each case there are minute differences. The appellants in each case were non themselves physically in the street but were in a house adjoining the street. In one case the appellant was on a balcony and she attracted the ttention of men in the street by tapping and calling down to them. In other cases the appellants were in ground -floor windows, either closed or half open, and in another case in a first-floor window. The sole question here is whether in those circumstances each appellant was soliciting in a street or public place. The words of s 1(1) of the Act are in this form It shall be an offence for a common prostitute to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution. Observe that it does not say there specifically that the person who is doing the soliciting must be in the street. Equally it does not say that it is enough if the person who receives the solicitation or to whom it is addressed is in the street. For my part, I approach the matter by considering what is the mischief aimed at by this Act. Everybody knows that this was an Act intended to clean up the streets, to enable people to walk along the streets without being molested or solicited by common prostitutes.Viewed in that way, it can matter little whether the prostitute is soliciting while in the street or is standing in a doorway or on a balcony, or at a window, or whether the window is shut or open or half open in each case her solicitation is projected to and addressed to fewbody walking in the street. For my part, I am content to base my decision on that ground and that ground alone. I think that the magistrate came to a slouch conclusion in each case, and that these appeals should be dismissed. HILBERY J I affiliate. 9, Curzon Street, from the papers in front of us, appears to be let to two prostitutes who practise their profession from that address, and the way of practising it is shown by the Cases Stated, as my headmaster has give tongue to in one case by tapping on the window pane with some admixture object as men passed by in the street in front of her, and then openly inviting them into her room. In the other cases it was done by tapping on the windows of various rooms diligent by these prostitutes and then, if the window was open, giving nvitations by way of solicitati on or signals represending solicitation. In each case signals were intended to solicit men passing by in the street. They did effect solicitation of the men when they reached those men. At that moment the person in the street to whom the signal was addressed was solicited and, being solicited in the street, I agree with the conclusion of my Lord and for these reasons I shake up intimated that these appeals must be dismissed. DONOVAN J I agree with both the judgments which read been falled. Cases statedThese were appeals by Cases Stated from the adjudications of one of the magistrates of the police courts of the metropolis sitting at Bow Street Magistrates Court as a magistrates court, before whom informations were preferred on 27 November 1959, 8 declination 1959, 5 January 1960 and on a day unknown in 1960 by the respondents, police officers, that the appellants, Marie Theresa Smith and Christine Tolan being common prostitutes, did solicit in a street for the purpose of prostit ution, contrary to s 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959.There were two informations against Marie Theresa Smith, which were hear on 4 February 1960, when the following facts were found. The appellant was a common prostitute, sustenance at 39, Curzon Street, W1, and using the expound for the purposes of prostitution. That on 4 November 1959, between 8. 50 pm and 9. 5 pm the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a first floor balcony of 39, Curzon Street, the balcony being some eight to ten feet above street level.The appellants method of soliciting the men was (i) to attract their caution to her by tapping on the balcony railing with some metallic element object and by hissing to them as they passed in the street beneath her, and (ii) having so attracted their attention, to talk with them and necessitate them to come inside the said premises by such words as Would you like to come up here a little while? at the same time as she in dicated the correct door of the premises. That on 9 January 1960, between 12. 0 am and 1 am the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a closed ground floor window of 39, Curzon Street, the window being some third feet from railings, four feet high, which move the pavement on the side of the premises. That the appellants method of soliciting the men was (i) to attract their attention to her by tapping on the window pane with some metal object as they passed by in the street in front of her and (ii) having so attracted their attention, to quest them in for a price which she indicated by extending three fingers of her establish and indicating the correct door of the premises.That on one occasion the price so indicated by the appellant was agreed and the man entered the premises, leaving some fifteen transactions later. On another occasion the price so indicated by the appellant was not agreed by the man c one timerned, who made a coun ter-proposal as to price by extending two fingers of his cut into. This counter-proposal was not accepted by the appellant and the man walked away. There were four informations against Christine Tolan which were heard on 4 February 1960, two being heard in addition on 8 February 1960, when the following facts were found.That the appellant was a common prostitute living at 39, Curzon Street, London, W1, and using the premises for the purposes of prostitution. That on 4 November 1959, between 9. 25 pm and 9. 35 pm the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a half-open ground floor window of 39, Curzon Street, the window being some three feet from four feet high railings which bounded the pavement on the side of the premises.That the appellants method of soliciting the men was (i) to attract their attention to her by half leaning out of the window towards the men as they passed by in the street in front of her and (ii), having so attracted their attention, to talk with them and invite them inside the premises by such words as A short time for ? 3 at the same time as she indicated the correct door of the said premises. That on 4 December 1959, at close 10. 50 pm the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a ground floor window of 39, Curzon Street.That the appellants method of soliciting the men was (i) to attract their attention to her by tapping on the window pane with some metal object as they passed by in the street in front of her and (ii), having so attracted their attention, to invite them inside the premises by smiling and indicating the correct door of the premises. That on one occasion a man accepted the appellants proposition and went towards the door of 39, Curzon Street, which the appellant was holding open diligent for him to enter. However, when a police officer came up, the appellant hastily slammed the door and the man left (not having entered the premise s).About five minutes later a second man left the premises. That on 5 December 1959, at about 10. 40 pm the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a closed ground floor window of 39, Curzon Street. That the appellants method of soliciting the men was to attract their attention to her by tapping on the window pane with some metal object as they passed by in the street in front of her and (ii) having so attracted their attention to talk to them and invite them inside the said premises at the same time as she indicated the correct door of the said premises.That on 15 December 1959, between 10. 30 pm and 10. 50 pm the appellant solicited men passing in the street for the purposes of prostitution from a partly open first floor window of 39, Curzon Street, the window being about ten feet above street level. That the appellants method of soliciting the men was (i) to attract their attention to her by tapping on the window pane with some metal ob ject as they passed by in the street beneath her and (ii) having so attracted their attention, to invite them in by gestures and for a price she indicated by extending three fingers of her hand and indicating the correct door of the premises.It was contended for the appellants that the balcony the inner of the premises behind a closed or half closed window on the ground floor and the interior of a building behind a slightly open window on the first floor were not in a street inside the meaning of s 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959, and gibely no offence had been committed. It was contended for the respondents that the soliciting had acceden place in a street within the meaning of that Act.The magistrate was of opinion that the said soliciting had exactn place in a street within the meaning of s 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959, and accordingly convicted the appellants. 3. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 1983 1QB 256 (p259) Background The British flu epidemic of 1891 -92 extracted a heavy toll on human life. To the purveyors of quack medicines it provided a wonderful opportunity.The last decade of the nineteenth century was the specious age of quackey and the carbolic smoke nut case cleared by Frederick Roe in December 1989 was merely one of a range of devices that were aggressively promoted to a uninitiated public at that time. Roes patent application described his smoke ball as An improved device for facilitating the distribution, inhalation and application of medicated and other powder Although the patent specification envisaged other powders being used, Roe confined himself to using carbolic acid or phenol in powder form, this being the monetary standard germ killer of the time.Early advertizing for this smoke ball made typically extravagant claims Will positively cure Influenza, catarrh, Asthma, Bronchitis, Hay fever, Neuralgia, Throat deafness, Hoarseness, hurt of voice, Whooping cough, Croup, Coughs, Colds, and all other ailments ca used by Taking cold. Facts An publicizing that crackinged a reward of ? 100 to either person who coerces the increasing epidemic, influenza, colds,after having used the ball according to the printed directions. Gave rise to judicial proceeding. The comp all was so convinced of the infallibility of its product that its advertisement pointed out that it had deposited the sum of ? 000 with its bank as proof of its serious-mindedness. The advertisement that gave rise to the litigation first appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette on 13 November 1891. Mrs Carlill bought a carbolic smoke ball from a chemist shop, and used it three multiplication free-and-easy for two weeks in conformism with the written instructions, she moreover contracted influenza. When the comp either refused to expect the ? 100 reward, Mrs Carlill sued for breach of contract. Issues In this defence the Carbolic smoke ball co. raised virtually every accomplishable argument that was available to deny the existence of a contract. In summary he comp both argued that The newspaper advertisement was not an declare oneself Even if it was an offer, Mrs Carlill had not validly accepted the offer. Even if she had, the arrangement was not intended to create the good transaction Even if it was, she had provided no consideration in exchange for the companys promise Even if a contract had been formed, it was of no effect since it failed to meet certain statutory requirements. decisiveness The English court of appeal dismissed all of these arguments and held that a valid contract had been formed and consequently Mrs Carlill was entitled to the ? 100. ImplicationsFor present purposes, the main implications of the case are in the way that court of appeal rejected the various arguments advanced to suggest that the advertisement didnt constitute an offer. The companys argument that the advertisement was not a statement that people would take seriously (it was a mere puff) was rejected by reference to the statement that ? 1000 had been deposited with the bail bond Bank to show the companys sincerity in the matter. Lindley LJ(at 261) stated Now, for what was the money deposited or that statement made except to negative the suggestion that this was a mere puff and meant nothing at all?The deposite is called in aid by the advertiser as proof of his sincerity in the matter- that is, the sincerity of his promise to pay this ? 100 in the event which he has specified. I say this for the purpose of giving that point to the observation that we are not interring a promise, there is the promise, as plain as words can off it. The company argued that the advertisement was so vague and incomplete that bonny people wouldnt interpret it. To contain any legal promise. For example, the advertisement didnt specify any time limit within which a person had to contract influenza in order for them to claim the reward.Neither was there any way for the company to check that smoke ball had been correc tly used. Bowen LJ held that The answer to that argument check up onms to me to be that if a person chooses to straighten out extravagant promises of this kind he probably does so because it pays him to devise them, and, if he has made them, the extravagance of the promises is no reason in law why he shouldnt be bound by them. Lindley LJ conceded that the language was vague and uncertain in some respects but neertheless considered that business people or reasonable people would at a lower placestand it to mean that ? 00 would be paid to anybody who used the smoke ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions, and who contracted influenza within a reasonable time after so using it. In response to the companys argument that an offer had to be directed at a particular person or persons and couldn not be made to the whole world. Browen LJ stated that It was also said that the contract is made with all the world. that is with everybody, and that you can n ot contract with everybody. it is not a contract made with all the world. There is fallacy of the argument.It is an offer made to all the world,and why should not any offer be made to all the world which is to ripen into a contract with anybody who comes out front and performs the arrest? It is an offer to become liable to any one who, before it is retracted, performs the condition, and although the offer is made to the world, the contract is made with that limited portion to the public who come send on and perform the condition on the faith of the advertisement. 4. Havey v Facey 1983 (p259) 5. Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemist (p258) 6. Fisher v Bell (p257) 7.ruffed grouse v Crittenden (p257) 8. R. Clarke (p265) Clarke, had claimed ? 1000 from the police in the following circumstances. In May 1926 the commissioner of police gave notice by proclamation that he was authorized by the regime of western Australia to offer a reward of ? 1000 for such inform ation as shall lead to the arrest and conviction of the person who committed the murders of an inspector of police and a sergeant of police, and that the governor would be advised to extend a free pardon to any accomplice not being the person who in reality committed the murders who should first give the information.In June, one Treffene and Clarke were arrested and putd with one statement which led to the arrest of one coulter. Coulter and Treffene were convicted of the murder, Clarke giving evidence in accordance with is statement. Clarke was released and claimed the reward. The R alleged inter alia by way of defence that his statement was not made with a view to obtaining the reward. His petition was dismissed at first instance, the judge finding that he had not acted on the faith entering into any contract, but rather that he acted to celebrate himself from the unfounded charge of murder.The plaintiff failed in an action to claim a reward offered for information confidential information to the conviction of a murderer. He knew of the reward but be admitted in court he gave the information to save himself from being charged with the murder and with the reward not present to his mind. Higgins J, 241 stated that The motive inducing hold maybe immaterial but the consent is vital. Without that there is no contractClark had seen the offer, indeed, but it was not present to his mind.. he had forgotten it, and gave no consideration to it, in his intense excitement as to his own danger.There can not be assent without knowledge of the offer, and ignorance of the offer is the same thing whether it is due to never hearing of it or forgetting it after hearing. (Acceptance must be made in reliance on the offer) 9. Hyde v Wrench June 6. The defendant wrote to the plaintiff offering to deal his farm for ? 1000. The plaintiffs agent immediately called on the defendant, and made an offer of ? 920 which the defendant wished to wipe out a few days to consider. June 27 , the defendant wrote to say that he could not accept this offer. June 29, the plaintiff wrote accepting the offer of June 6.The plaintiff brought an action for specific performance. The defendant filed a general demurrer. The Master of the rolls Under the circumstances stated in this bill, I think there exists no valid binding contract between the parties for the purchase of the property. The defendant offered to denounce it for? 1000, and if that had been at once unconditionally accepted, there would undoubtedly have been a perfect binding contract. Instead of that, the plaintiff made an offer of his own, to purchase the property for ? 950, and he thereby rejected the offer previously made by the defendant. I think that it was not fterwards competent for him to revive the proposal of the defendant, by tendering an sufferance of it, and that, therefore, there exists no obligation of any sort between the parties, the demurrer must be allowed. 10. Stevenson Jacques & Co. v McLean T he plantiffs and the defendant were negotiating about the cut-rate sale of a quantity of squeeze for which the defendant held warrants. Saturday The defendant wrote I would now sell for 40s. net cash,open till Monday. Monday The plaintiffs telegraphed Please wire whether you would accept twoscore for delivery over two months, or if not, all-night limit you would give.The defendant received the telegram at 10. 01am and subsequently sold the iron to a third party. 1. 25pm the defendant telegraphed that he had sold the iron. 1. 3pm the plaintiffs, having had no resolution to their telegram, telegraphed again, accepting the offer to sell at 40s. cash. 1. 46pm the defendants telegram arrived. The plaintiff sued for breach of contract, and the defendant objected that the telegram sent by the plaintiffs on the Monday morning was a rejection of the defendants offer and a new proposal on the plaintiffs part, and therefore that the defendant had a sound to regard it as position an end to the original negotiation.Lush J Looking at the form of the telegram, the time when it was sent, and the state of the iron market, I can not think this is its neat meaning. The plaintiff Stevenson said he meant it only as an inquiry, expecting an answer for his guidance, and this, I think, is the sense in which the defendant ought to have regarded it. Stevenson, Jacques & Co v. McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346 is an English contract law case concerning the rules on communication of acceptance by telegraph. Its approach contrasts to the postal rule. McLean wrote to Stevenson, Jacques & Co. n Middlesbrough asking if he could get an offer for warrants on iron ore. He said 40s per ton in cash was the lowest price, the offer open till Monday. At 7. 42am, Stevenson telegraphed saying Please wire whether you would accept forty for delivery over two months, or if not, longest limit you could give. McLean did not answer, and sold at 1. 25pm to someone else. Stevenson, before hearing, telegraphed saying he had secured a price. McLean refused to deliver the iron, and Stevenson brought an action for non-delivery.Lush J held that the plaintiffs telegram at 9. 42 was not a rejection of the offer but a mere inquiry about whether the equipment casualty could be modified. Although McLean was at liberty to revoke the offer before Monday finished, that was not trenchant until it reached the plaintiffs. Therefore McLeans offer was still open when Stevenson accepted it. 11. magnate v Lee(266) 12. Felthouse v Bindley (p265) 13. Household Fire Insurance v Grant (267) 14. Holwell secutrities v Hughes (p267) 15. Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbHBrinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl 1983 2 AC 34 is a leading decision of the House of Lords on the formation of a contract using telecommunication. The Lords largely accepted the earlier leading decision of Entores v Miles Far vitamin E Co. 1955 2 QB 327 on acceptance via telex. Brinkibon was a London company that pur chased steel from Stahag, a seller based in Austria. Brinkibon sent their acceptance to a Stahag offer by Telex to Vienna. Brinkibon later wanted to issue a writ against Stahag and applied serve an out of jurisdiction party.They would only be able to do so if the contract had been formed in England. The question at issue was where the contract was formed. The Lords decided that the contract was formed in Vienna. They accepted the principle in Entores v Miles Far East Co where in the case of instantaneous communication, which included telex, the formation occurs in the place where the acceptance is received. Lord Wilberforce, however, did not see the rule as applying to all circumstances Since 1955 the use of Telex communication has been bang-uply expanded, and there are many variants on it.The senders and recipients may not be the principals to the contemplated contract. They may be servants or agents with limited authority. The center may not reach, or be intended to reach, the d esignated recipient immediately messages may be sent out of office hours, or at night, with the intention, or on the assumption that they will be read at a later time. There may be some error or default at the recipients end which prevents receipt at the time contemplated and believed in by the sender. The message may have been sent and/or received through machines operated by third persons.And many other variants may occur. No universal rule can cover all such cases they must be resolved by reference to the intentions of the parties, by sound business practice and in some cases by a judgement where the risks should lie. 16. Dickinson v Dodds (1876) (p261) Dodds offered to sell Dickson some houses for ? 800. This offer was stated to be left over Friday, 9am. However, Dodds sold the houses to someone else on the Thursday. Dickson heard of this sale indirectly but still handed Dodds a formal acceptance of the offer before 9am.Friday, it was held that no contract was formed with Dickso n. The offer had been revoked before acceptance since Dickinson had actually received notice of the revocation even though this was not from the offeror. (General rule an offer can be revoked (withdrawn or cancelled) by the offeror any time before it is accepted. A revocation is not effective until the offeree becomes aware of it. It is not necessary that offeror personally communicate the revocation to the offeree. It is sufficient if a reasonable person would be aware that the offer had been withdrawn. 17.Byrne & Co. v. Van Tienhoven & Co. October 1 The defendants, in Cardiff, posted a letter to the plaintiffs, in naked York, offering to sell them 1000 boxes of tinplates. October 8 The defendants posted a letter revoking their offer. October 11The plaintiffs telegraphed acceptance October 15 The plaintiffs confirmed their acceptance by letter. October 20 The defendants letter of revocation reached the plaintiffs. (Revocation is effective when it arrives. Postal acceptance Rule) 1 8. Rose & Frank Co. v Crompton & Bros. The defendant manufactured carbon paper in England.The plaintiff bought the defendants paper and sold it in New York. After dealing with each other for a number of years they entered into a written agreement as to the plaintiff having exclusive rights to buy and sell the defendants goods. The agreement stated This agreement is not a formal or legal agreement. It will not be subject to the jurisdiction of either the British or American courts. It is a record of the intention of the parties to which they honourably pledge themselves and is to be carried out with mutual loyalty and friendly co-operation. Following a serial of disputes the plaintiff claimed that the defendant was in breach of the agreement and the trial judge held that it was legally binding. The defendant appealed and the Court Of Appeal overturned the decision it was quite possible for parties to agree that a legal relationship would not be formed. Bankes LJ said that an intent ion to be legally bound was essential. With business arrangements it usually follows as a matter of course that legal relations are intended.Whilst it was most improbable that firms engaged in international business arrangements should not have intended legal consequences there is no legal obstacle to prevent them from doing so. He added boost that there is no law or issue of public policy that should forestall this rule. Thus after reading the agreement in its ordinary meaning, he said it is manifest that no action can be maintained on the basis of it. (Intention to create relations) 19. Balfour v Balfour (p271) 20. Merritt v MerrittThe court held that the presumption that agreements between husband and wife are not intended to create legal relations doesnt apply when they are not living in amity but are separated or about to separate. H had left W and was living with another woman. He agreed to pay W ? 40 a month. And signed a written agreement that, in consideration of Ws payi ng off the mortgage on their jointly owned house, he would then shipping it to her sole ownership. W paid off the jointly owned house, he would then transfer it to her sole ownership. W paid off the mortgage, Stamp J, made a declaration that W was the sole right owner.Hs appeal was dismissed. Lord Denning saidIn all these cases the court does not try to discover the intention by looking into the minds of the parties. It looks at the situation in which they were placed and asks itself would reasonable people regard this agreement as intended to be binding? (google)A husband and wife separated. They then met to make arrangements for the future. After this the husband agreed to pay ? 40 per month maintenance, out of which the wife would pay the mortgage. When the mortgage was paid off it was agreed he would transfer the house from joint names to the wifes name.He wrote this down and signed the paper, but later refused to transfer the house. It was held that when the agreement was m ade, the husband and wife were no longer living together, therefore they must have intended the agreement to be binding, as they would base their future actions on it. This intention was evidenced by the writing and therefore the husband had to transfer the house to the wife. 21. Jones v Vernons Pools Ltd (p272) 22. White v Bluett (p277) 23. Roscorla v Thomas (p277) 24. Re Caseys Patents (google) A and B owned a patent and C was the manager who had worked on it for two years.A and B then promised C a one-third share in the invention for his help in developing it. The patents were transferred to C but A and B then claimed their return. It was held that C could rely on the agreement. Even though Cs consideration was in the past, it had been done in a business situation, at the request of A and B and it was down the stairsstood by both sides that C would be paid and the subsequent promise to pay merely fixed the amount. (past consideration is good if must(prenominal) be done at the p romisors request Parties infrastand that the act was to be rewarded. Payment must have been legally enforceable had it been promised in advance) 25.collins v Godefroy This case (collins v Godefroy 1831 1 BAd 950) is the archetype of cases where a responsibility imposed by law cannot be taken as Consideration to support a Contract. Godefroy promised Collins six guineas if he would attend court to testify on his behalf. At his agreement, Collins was subpeonaed. Godefroy refused to pay. In his defence, he claimed that there was no consideration moving from Collins, as he was obliged to attend court anyway. This view was upheld by the court. (It was held that as Collins was under a legal duty to attend court he had not provided consideration.His action therefore failed. ) 26. Ward v Byham The father of an illegitimate electric razor agreed to pay the mother a sum of money for maintenance, provided that the child be well looked after and happy, and that the mother offer the child the choice of which evoke to live with when she was old enough to understand. The father made payments until the childs mother married, and then he refused. The mother sued for breach of contract. The fathers defence was that there was no consideration to the agreement, as the mother was legally obligated to pity for the child.The Court of Appeal ruled that the mother had exceeded her statutory duty by bringing up the child in a particular way, and in accordance with the wishes of the father, and this was sufficient consideration. (Do more than public duty is good consideration) 27. Dunton v Dunton (p277) 28. Glasbrook Brothers Ltd v Glamorgan County Council (p278) 29. Stilk v Myrick (p278) 30. Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (p278) 31. Shadwell v Shadwell (279) 32. Hartley v Ponsonby (p279) 33. Pinnels case ( ) The plaintiff sued the defendant for the sum of ? 8 10s.The defence was based on the fact that the defendant had, at the plaintiffs request, tendered ? 5-2s-6d before the debt was due, which the plaintiff had accepted in full mirth for the debt. payment of a lesser sum on the day in satisfaction of a large(p)er, cannot be any satisfaction for the whole, because it appears to the Judges that by no possibility, a lesser sum can be a satisfaction to the plaintiff for a greater sum but the gift of a horse, hawk, or robe, etc. in satisfaction is good as more beneficial to the plaintiff than the money. The rule is obiter dicta.In Pinnels Case itself the debt was paid before the date of satisfaction, which was considered good consideration. 34. Foakes v Beer (p279) 35. Central London property Thust Ltd. v High Tress house Ltd. (p281) 36. Waltons Stores (interstate)Ltd. v Macher (p281) 37. Donoghue v Stevenson (p172) 38. Perre v Apand (p201) 39. Bolton v lapidate (p187) 40. Haley v London Electricity Board (photocopy) 41. Pairs v Stepney BC (p190) 42. WATT v HERTFORDSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL 1954 1 WLR 835 DENNING LJ It is well settled that in measuring due deal out one must balance the risk against the measures necessary to eliminate the risk.To that proposition there ought to be added this. One must balance the risk against the end to be achieved. If this accident had occurred in a commercial enterprise without any emergency, there could be no doubt that the servant would succeed. But the commercial end to make profit is very different from the human end to save life or limb. The saving of life or limb justifies taking considerable risk, and I am glad to say there have never been wanting in this country men of courage ready to take those risks, notably in the suggest service.In this case the risk complicated in sending out the dray was not so great as to prohibit the start to save life. I quite agree that fire engines, ambulances and doctors cars should not shoot past the traffic lights when they show a red light. That is because the risk is too great to warrant the incurring of the danger. It is always a question of balancing the risk a gainst the end. Full text SINGLETON LJ The plaintiff was employed in the fire service under the control of the defendants and he was beamed at Watford. He had a serious accident on 27 July 1951, as a result of which he brought this action, claiming damages for nonperformance.His case is that the defendants undertook to exercise the care which they owed to him and to other men employed in the fire service, and he gives particulars of negligence. There are always firemen on duty at the fire place at Watford, and on 27 July 1951, an emergency call was received there to the effect that there had been an accident and that a woman was trapped under a heavy fomite about two hundred or three hundred yards away. In view of the nature of the emergency the officer in charge, Sub-officer Richards, gave directions that two teams of men should go out, and he himself went with the first team.It was clear that there might be need for lifting apparatus of some kind, and at the fire station ther e was a knave capable of raising heavy weights. The jack did not belong to the fire service. It was the property of London Transport Executive, whose practice it is to work out jacks of this kind to various fire stations, and, perhaps, to other bodies, so that they can be on call in case of need. Thus, the jack was on loan to the defendants at this fire station. It is only on rare occasions that there is an emergency call requiring the services of a jack of this kind.The plaintiff had been in the fire service in Hertfordshire since 1939, and he had only known of one emergency call on which a jack was required. The defendants had an Austin vehicle fitted to race this jack. The fire station at Watford is not a large one, and it had not a great many vehicles. The Austin vehicle was the only one fitted to impart the jack, but it was not kept purely for that purpose. It had other services to perform during part of the week, and on this day it was properly out on other service. The ja ck stands on four small wheels, two of which are castored, which means that they may turn all the way round the circle.There was at the fire station only one vehicle on which the jack could be carried in the absence of the Austin vehicle, a Fordson lorry, and before leaving with his team Sub-officer Richards told the leading relief in charge of the second team, of which the plaintiff was a member, to take the jack on the lorry. Consequently, the five men in the second team lifted up the jack, which weighed between two and three hundredweight, and put it on to the flat Fordson lorry, which had boards at the sides and a tailboard. They got on the lorry themselves, two in the front seat, and three sitting in the body.The plaintiff was in the forward part of the body on the right-hand side, and the other two men there were, perhaps, a little further suffer and on the other side, and they held the jack somehow. Obviously there might be movement of the jack in the lorry, for there were no means of securing it, no place on which anything could be tied, and no built-in system which would prevent movement. There was, therefore, a risk. The men knew what they were doing. They started their journey, which was only two hundred or three hundred yards.But on the way something happened to cause the driver to apply his brakes suddenly, the jack moved inside the lorry, the plaintiffs leg was caught, and he was injured. In these circumstances he claimed that the defendants, his employers, were negligent in that they (a) failed to load or secure the said lifting jack in such a way that it could not become dislodged(b) loaded the said lifting jack in such a way that they knew or ought to have known it was likely that if the said lorry pulled up suddenly the same would become dislodged and cause injuries to any person riding on the back of the said lorry(c) permitted and/or caused the laintiff to ride on the back of the said lorry on to which the said lifting jack had been loade d as aforesaid(d) caused or permitted the said jack to be transported on the said lorry which as the defendants knew or ought to have known was not provided with clips straps or other suitable means to secure the same(e) failed to provide any or any adequate supervision of the loading of the said jack on to the said lorry and it was claimed that the plaintiffs accident was due to negligence, and that he was entitled to get damages against the defendants.Barry J heard the action, and on 16 December 1953, he gave judgment in favour of the defendants, holding that it was not shown that they had been guilty of any negligence towards the plaintiff or towards their other employees. I am in complete agreement with his judgment. The fire service is a service which must always involve risk for those who are employed in it, and, as counsel for the plaintiff pointed out, they are entitled to expect that their equipment shall be as good as reasonable care can secure.An emergency arose as often happens. Mr Richards, the sub-officer who had given the order, was asked in re-examination From your point of view you thought it was a piece of luck, with this unfortunate woman under the bus, that the Fordson was available and you could use it? A. Yes. It is recognised in the service that we use our initiative at all times, and in doing so any reasonable step you take is considered satisfactory if it is a question of saving life. You have to make a sudden decision. It is not alleged that there was negligence on the part of any particular individual, that the driver was negligent in driving too fast, or that Sub-officer Richards was negligent in giving the order which he did. The case put forward by counsel for the plaintiff in this court is that, as the defendants had a jack, it was their duty to have a vehicle fitted in all respects to view as that jack, from which it follows, I suppose, that it is said a vehicle must be kept at the fire station at all times, or that, if there is not one, the lifting jack must not be taken out.Indeed, counsel claimed that, in the case of such an occurrence as this, if there was no vehicle fitted to swing the jack, the sub-officer ought to have telephoned to the fire station at St Albans and arranged that they should attend to the emergency. St Albans is some seven miles away, and it was said an extra ten minutes or so would have elapsed if that had been done. I cannot think that is the right way to approach the matter. There was a real emergency. The woman was under a heavy vehicle.These men in the fire service thought they ought to go promptly, and thought they ought to take a lifting jack, and they did so. Most unfortunately this accident to the plaintiff happened. The duty owed by employers has been stated often. Lord Herschell in Smith v Baker & Sons said (1891 AC 362) It is quite clear that the contract between employer and employed involves on the part of the former the duty of taking reasonable care to provide pr oper appliances, and to maintain them in a proper condition, and so to carry on his operations as not to subject those employed by him to unnecessary risk. The employee in this case was a member of the fire service, who always undertake some risk, though, according to counsel for the plaintiff, not this risk. Is it to be said that, if an emergency call reaches a fire station, the person in charge has to ponder on the matter in this way Must I send out my men with the lifting jack in these circumstances, or must I telephone to St Albans, seven miles away, to ask them to undertake the task? I suppose he must think about his duty, but what would a reasonable man do placed as he was?Would the reasonably painstaking head of the station have done anything other than that which Sub-officer Richards did? I think not. Can it be said, then, that there is a duty on the employers here, the defendants, to have a vehicle built and fitted to carry this jack at all times, or, if they have not, not to take the jack for a short journey of two or three hundred yards? I do not think that will do. Asquith LJ in Daborn v Bath Tramways Motor Co Ltd & Trevor Smithey said (4946 2 every ER 336) In determining whether a party is negligent, the standard of reasonable care is that which is reasonably to be demanded in the circumstances.A relevant circumstance to take into account may be the importance of the end to be served by behaving in this way or in that. As has often been pointed out, if all the trains in this country were restricted to a speed of five miles an hour, there would be fewer accidents, but our national life would be intolerably slowed down. The purpose to be served, if sufficiently important, justifies the assumption of abnormal risk. The purpose to be served in this case was the saving of life. The men were prepared to take that risk.They were not, in my view, called on to take any risk other than that which commonly might be encountered in this service. I agree wi th Barry J that, on the whole of the evidence which was given, it would not be right to find that the defendants as employers were guilty of any failure of the duty which they owed to their workmen. In my opinion, the appeal should be dismissed. DENNING LJ It is well settled that in measuring due care one must balance the risk against the measures necessary to eliminate the risk. To that proposition there ought to be added this.One must balance the risk against the end to be achieved. If this accident had occurred in a commercial enterprise without any emergency, there could be no doubt that the servant would succeed. But the commercial end to make profit is very different from the human end to save life or limb. The saving of life or limb justifies taking considerable risk, and I am glad to say there have never been wanting in this country men of courage ready to take those risks, notably in the fire service. In this case the risk involved in sending out the lorry was not so great as to prohibit the guarantee to save life.I quite agree that fire engines, ambulances and doctors cars should not shoot past the traffic lights when they show a red light. That is because the risk is too great to warrant the incurring of the danger. It is always a question of balancing the risk against the end. I agree with my Lord that this appeal should be dismissed. MORRIS LJ I also agree. The accident in this case came about as a result of a somewhat unusual concatenation of circumstances. There had for a long time been no call for the use of the jack.Any such call, according to the evidence, was extremely rare. It so happened that a call came at a time when the Austin vehicle which would normally have carried the jack was otherwise engaged. I do not think it can be said to have been unreasonable to have had the Austin vehicle for use in the way that was arranged. Had the fire station been larger, had there been unlimited resources, unlimited space, and an unlimited number of v ehicles, then it may be that another fitted vehicle would have been available. But that was not reasonably practicable or possible.When the call for the jack came, Mr Richards had to decide what to do, and I do not think that it would have been in accordance with the traditions of the fire service if he had said that he could do nothing other than call on St Albans. What he decided to do was in accordance with the practice of the fire service. Mr Bottin, the assistant chief officer in the London Fire Brigade, speaking of the provision of jacks, pointed out that in London there are twenty-nine sets of lifting gear, one being provided for every two stations. He said in evidence Q. Can you always undertake that that one vehicle will be available for the transport of a jack? A. No. Q. In your view is it reasonably practicable for a fire service to lodge all of its vehicles for the transport of jacks? A. No. I would not think it was reasonable. Q. You have been a station officer, ha ve you not? A. I have. Q. Supposing you found yourself in charge of a station, and supposing the equipment available was not that most suitable for the purpose but you found that human life was in danger and you might save it by adopting a method not entirely suitable, what in your view would be your duty as a station officer?A. I have had that experience, and I did not hesitate to get the equipment there as quickly as possible. As I have said, I think Mr Richards acted in accordance with the traditions of the service, and I cannot for one moment think that the employers could be held responsible as having failed in the performance of their duties. I agree that the appeal fails. 43. Rogers v Whitaker (p189) 44. Barnett v Chelsea infirmary 45. March v E. & M. H Stramare Pty. Ltd.

Genetic Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay

For m all women, pregnancy is met with excitement. However, for a few lucifers, the pregnancy dejection take a completely assorted turn when the fetus is determined to be afflicted with infantile amaurotic idiocy disease. This is a genetical condition, usually found in Caucasians, and primarily those of Jewish descent, and develops in 25% of fortunes when both p arnts carry the recessive gene ( discipline Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases NTSAD, n. d. ).Genetic counseling is a relatively new concept in health upkeep and is the edge of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contri butions to disease (National Society of Genetic Counselors NSGC, 2005, para. 2). For the men and women facing a pregnancy involving Tay-Sachs, genetic counseling is a vi suitable and important option to pick out. However, to ensure quality cargon and education, genetic counseling necessarily to involve a team of healthc are professionals f rom a variety of backgrounds.Interdisciplinary Team Members and Their Roles in Genetic Counseling Appropriate members of a multi-disciplinary team for the Trosacks include a genetic counselor, a nutritionist or dietician, the high-risk OB-GYN physician, a registered nurse specializing in high-risk perinatal care, and a therapist specializing in marriage and family therapy needs. Each member of this team leave alone add a unique perspective to the Trosacks case. The genetic counselor has graduate-level education and experience in both medical genetics and counseling (NSGC, 2005, para. 1). exploitation her expertise and skills, she bequeath review the medical history for Mr. nd Mrs. Trosack, and their families, identify opposite genetic risks that whitethorn exist and explain inheritance patterns. She get out contribute information and resources for further education on genetic dis set outs, so that they can pass off to learn about Tay-Sachs and connect with other families fa cing the disease. In addition to this expert information, the Trosacks will benefit from a nutritionist or dietician. The nutritionist not unless has special training in the area of nutrition, but also in educating patients about their options and making nutritious choices.In general, a nutritionist can advise individualson the nutritional practices that will promote hot health, and structure and recommend diet thinks for whole familiesincluding guides to the correct preparation of meals and shopping for the right foods (Princeton Review, n. d. ). He will perform a nutrition assessment, provide education on additional nutritional needs due to pregnancy, and even assist with meal planning to ensure a health pregnancy. He will continue to assess and make recommendations on Mrs. Trosacks nutritional needs based on lab work throughout the pregnancy.The patients overall care is the responsibility of her OB-GYN, who specializes in high-risk pregnancies. A high-risk OB-GYN has a lengthy education, residency and fellowship history to gain slamledge in caring for erstwhile(a) patients, patients with specific medical conditions and patients carrying a pregnancy that has been determined to need specialized care. The perinatologist is not only capable of making diagnoses other obstetricians may miss, but can also perform specialized procedures and administer medications across the placenta (Perinatologists, n. d. ).She will assess the medical needs of Mrs.Trosack and the fetus throughout the pregnancy, monitor fetal growth and development, order diagnostic tests as needed, and provide referrals to other specialists as needed. Working with the physician will be a nurse specializing in antepartum clients. This nurse has elect to expand on her nursing education, taking additional classes and obtaining certifications specific to perinatal care. He will assess the couples understanding of pregnancy and prenatal care at the world-class visit and make a plan to educate the m on each stage of pregnancy and fetal development as well as options available during labor and delivery.Additionally, he will ensure the couple understanding for each test or referral suggested by the physician. Due to the accede of the diagnosis, the couple will also benefit from a marriage and family therapist on their team. The couple has already expressed exasperation over the diagnosis, and volley mingled with denial and acceptance of the diagnosis. Additionally, Mrs. Trosack has already expressed guilt over her workload and its affect on the baby. Mr. Trosack has expressed anger, which can lead to resentment.The strong emotions felt by both parties need to be expressed in a healthy way to preserve their marriage, and a therapist specializing in family matters is an appropriate facilitator. She will find with the couple together, as well as individually to assess their feelings about the pregnancy, the Tay-Sachs diagnosis and the feelings they have toward each other. The therapy sessions will continue afterward the stomach of their baby, due to the nature of the disease and the stress the babys health will add to their lives.Teaching Plan for the Initial VisitThe teaching plan for the Trosacks initial visit at the high-risk pregnancy center will include the hunting Genetic diagnosisThe Trosacks need to understand the diagnosis of Tay-Sachs how it is transmitted, the probability of other pregnancies testing positive, and what symptoms their tiddler is likely to develop. This will help them to understand they have done nothing wrong and prepare for the special needs their pip-squeak will have. TreatmentNo treatment exists for the disease itself, but the Trosacks will benefit from learning about the symptoms their peasant may develop and how those symptoms are treated.They will be informed of ways to keep their child safe and comfortable during the illness. Prognosis as it applies to Tay-SachsThe prognosis for infantile Tay-Sachs is poor, with a bout children becoming progressively worse until their death by age 4 or 5. The Trosacks need to be informed of this so that they can make preparationsfor themselves and other family members. Because most children develop normally until around six months of age, the Trosacks need to know that an absence of symptoms does not mean an absence of the disease (NTSAD, n. d. ).They need to know that their term with this child will be limited and filled with doctor visits and difficult medical decisions. With this education and advanced notice, they can begin to discuss which treatments they may consider (medications) and those treatments they may not want to consider (feeding tube). Support groups and appropriate referralsWith the Internet, the community of support for families with Tay-Sachs has greatly expanded. The Trosacks will be given information on local support groups as well as the internet communities available to them.They will be directed to the National Tay-Sachs and Allied D isease, March of Dimes and National Organization for Rare Disorders websites to connect with other families who are living with Tay-Sachs. This support will help the Trosacks connect with the only other people who know what they are going through, share their concerns without fear of judgment, and learn from those have gone through it all personally. Pregnancy informationInformation on pregnancy is necessary for any pregnant woman, especially during her first pregnancy.Over the length of the pregnancy, the Trosacks will learn about how pregnancy and fetal development progresses during each trimester, what changes Mrs. Trosack can expectphysically and emotionally, and ways in which Mr. Trosack can be of assistance to her. The first visit will specifically cover the development to date and through the end of the first trimester. They will view pictures of the developing fetus and the ways in which Mrs. Trosacks body is changing to accommodate the pregnancy.Ethical Implications of Havi ng Genetic Information Available dapple genetic testing is a wonderful addition to the vast array of diagnostics medicine now offers, it can bring about new honourable implications. In reference to autonomy, genetic testing can sometimes reveal information about ones family that was not known. For example, a Caucasian family may be surprised to find they are crew cuts for Sickle Cell disease, a disease found primarily in African-Americans and can bring about questions regarding the family history. These discussions may lead to the ethical issue of perceived invasions of privacy for other family members.Another example would be the dilemmas that occur when there is a difference in societal believes and ones personal beliefs. First, persons with a genetic condition may prefer not to learn that their offspring is at risk for the condition, or they may prefer to have offspring with the same condition present in other family members (Halsey pastureland, Williams, & Donahue, 2005, par a. 15). Secondly, some people may feel it is unjust to bring a baby with anomalies into the world. The results of genetic testing in these instances may necessitate decisions about continuing pregnancy, selective termination and adoption.A third example of ethical dilemmas in regards to genetic information world available is in relation to beneficence and nonmalificence. For example, clinicians caring for a pregnant patient find the baby she is carrying has spina bifida. The patient states her sister had spina bifida and that she wants to deliver her baby in the community hospital with a midwife. The clinician now must balance her respect for her patients wishes with the concern she feels in allowing a baby with special needs to be born in an environment that cannot provide services that may improve the births outcome (Halsey Lea et al. 2005).A fourth ethical issue is that of justice. For, some genetic disorders can be found with testing while others still cannot. For example, the ability to identify carrier status for a mutation in the gene for cystic fibrosis is lower among Asian American and African American persons than it is in Caucasians (Halsey Lea et al. , 2005). Thus, the results of testing performed on an Asian American or African American patient may not be a reliable indicator of their carrier status. Personal thoughts, Feelings and protagonism As a woman, this writer cannot begin to imagine the feelings felt by the Trosacks.After years of trying to conceive, they learn that they are finally pregnant only to find out their baby is likely to die by age five from a horrible, progressive disease. If in Mrs. Trosacks shoes, would this writer be hardy enough to continue the pregnancy, knowing the prognosis? I do not know. I am sure, however, that the Trosacks have a difficult road ahead of them. If I were Mrs. Trosack, I would expect to feel a constant state of griefover the diagnosis and the life my child will not have, the loss of those milestones p arents count forward to (first day of school, first dance, etc), the impending months or years of illness.I would hope that I could treasure the better moments I do have with my childfrom birth to death, holding her as much as possible, trying to focus on the symptom-free moments, taking as many pictures as I can to record her short life. I question how angry a woman would feel in this situation. Surely, even those women with strong religious beliefs question the why of the diagnosis and circumstance. Why, after all this time allow me to conceive if youre going to give me a child so sick? What is the point of bringing a child into life if they are to suffer throughout?Why us? Would a woman facing this diagnosis feel as if everyone pities her? While reading the case study, I found myself feeling pity for her, knowing that she would lose her child in such a horrible way after wanting a child so badly. Despite these feelings, the Trosacks choice to continue their pregnancy is just th attheir choice. Many people think that being pro-choice means advocating for abortion. However, it is my belief that being pro-choice means advocating for people to make the best choice for themselves in particular situations.For, only those going through a particular situation know best how well or poorly they can handle a decision and circumstance. Their decision to continue a pregnancy after the diagnosis was make is a brave one and speaks volumes to their character and beliefs. The Trosacks case manager will work with each member of the interdisciplinary team to ensure they respect the wishes of the couple. The couple needs to know that they are supported and are being treated without judgment from the team members. She will meet with the team members to ensure they are able to continue treating with couple appropriately.If any of the team members express an inability to refrain from sharing their personal feelings with the couple, she will find suitable replacements. While the team members are entitled to their feelings, they are expected to keep those feelings to themselves when caring for patients. And, when patients are facing emotional and controversial decisions, the separation is even more important. Ethical and Legal Considerations When the Trosacks do the decision to continue the pregnancy after learning their baby has Tay-Sachs, they became bound, legally and ethically, to care for the child after the birth.Ethical considerations include the decision to bring a child into a life of poor health and early death after a progressive decline. Many people in society will judge them for this, and the child will be perceived in certain ways by others. Further, they will be faced with the decision to allow researchers to follow their child in an effort to gain more information about the disease in search for a cure. The child has no autonomy as a minor, and has no right to privacy when her parents are making the decisions.Another ethical question is who owns the genetic information? The genetic information is on the childs DNA, but the parents are the ones making all the decisions. Legally, there are several areas of concern for the couple. First, they are now bound to provide healthcare to this child, condescension the poor prognosis. They must provide food, clothing and shelter, and keep the child safe and comfortable as she declines. The child will eventually develop problems with swallowing, and at that time, will require further interventions to maintain life.Secondly, they are required to provide medical care for the child and, with the poor prognosis, this is likely to involve many appointments, testing and medications or treatments. Third, they may have problems with insurance coverage, as some insurance policies may consider the childs diagnosis to be pre-existing, denying coverage for any treatments associated with the disease. Though this is certainly not ethical, it is legal in this country, and may lead to financial p roblems and difficulty in continuing to obtain quality medical care.