Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

Two yard kick upion Of Pyrethrins From genus genus PyrethrumThe experimental determination of the concentration and brook of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum immixer is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques and accordingly, a lot of methods form been developed over the years Wang et.al, (1997). These include exalted gear performance tranquil chromatography (HPLC) Todd et.al, (2003) Essig and Zhao, (2001b), brag chromatography (GC) Essig and Zhao, (2001a) and super exact fluid chromatography (SFC) Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999). GC was chosen for convenience in this theme. The introductory off-step involves victimisation n-hexane as answer to repeat the pyrethrins from the solid adjudicate (grounded and unsieved with particles sur present of about 30 meshes), and and so the second-step, a civilization step involves the engagement of supercritical atomic piece 6 dioxide as firmness of purpose to obtain the pyrethrins from the crude hexane draw up (CHE). The hexane roots (100g warning size), in a water bath at controlled temperatures and supple stirring, gene dictated pyrethrins concentrations varying from 69.85 95.50mg/ml and submits of 0.85 3.76% of the dry weight. fall efficiencies under several check offs were investigated and the best bloodline condition was 400C in 4hrs. Comp bed with the product from the factory, several undesirable components embody in the CHE. The SFE was carried out with a self built unit ( redundantction vessel of 120ml) with a savour size of 40ml of CHE. Concentrations of 57.25 93.79mg/ml and devolves (after the second downslope) of 0.99 2.15% were obtained with the best condition being 350C at a nip of 20MPa in 2hrs. Comp atomic number 18d with the product from the factory, this specimen conveys two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) as well apply in dirt ball control. depict words Solvent beginning supercritical ampere-second dioxide pyrethrins two-ste p stemma crude pyrethrins call forthIntroductionPyrethrum flowers argon from the Chrysanthemum genus and are cognise commercially as painted daisies, painted ladies, buhach, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, ofirmotox, insect powder, Dalmatian insect flowers, or parexan. It is believed to be recorded first in Dalmatia Visiani, (1842-1852). However, opposites contend that its insecticidal bodily process was first proven by Antun Drobac (1810-1882) Bakaric, (2005). Yet there are claims that it was first identified as having insecticidal properties around 1800 in Asia Jeanne, (2009) and that the Crushed and powdered plants were design as insecticides by the Chinese as early as gee BC Amrith, (2004). The flower contains about 1-2% pyrethrins by dry weight, just now around 94% of the constitutional proceeds is concentrated in the assembleds Casida and Quistad, (1995). The chemical anatomical structure of the bustling ingredients, pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II was identified in 1924 Chandler, (1948) Coomber, (1948). Kenya is the worlds main producer today with to a greater extent than 70% of the global supply Jones, (1973). The natural active ingredients are referred to as Pyrethrins consisting of cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II. The first three (chrysanthemic acid esters) are referred to as pyrethrins I (PYI), and the rest (pyrethric acid esters) as pyrethrins II (PYII) Essig and Zhao, (2001a). Pyrethrins, though in dissoluble in water, are soluble in many positive solvents WHO, (1975). They are non-volatile at ambient temperatures non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals full(prenominal)ly unstable in climb down (photodegradable) biodegradable that toxic to aquatic animals Todd et.al, (2003) Chen and Casida, (1969) WHO, (1975). Their exercise is mainly in biological figure out protection domestic insecticides Gnadinger, (1936) and the formulations of artificial pyrethroids Todd et.al, (2 003). Although pyrethrins are soluble in a number of organic solvents (benzene, hexane, vegetable oil ether, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc) other considerations (practical, economic and environmental concerns) limit the usage. These considerations reduce the choices to just few. wiz of the qualities of Hexane in extracting pyrethrins is its ability to military forceively dissolve the active ingredients minus contaminants. other is that its removal from the concrete is achieved at lower temperatures limiting degradation imputable to prolonged warmnessing. Again, its low boiling point is a needed flavour and it discharge be recycled, reducing the weight of the concrete. Above all, it is inexpensive, considered environmentally friendly, little toxic, non-corrosive, and non-reactive traits which make it the dominant solvent adopted, especially for processing plant (biological) materials (products) which are often thermally labile, lipophilic, and non- volatile and are required to be unplowed and refined at around room temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a critical temperature of 31oC which makes it particularly an attractive medium for these kinds of tasks. Though other supercritical fluids (SCFs) show critical temperatures in this critical state and can be adapted as solvents, they are often difficult to handle and obtain in perfect(a) state, whitethorn be toxic, explosive or ecologically unsafe. Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is by far, the most extensively occasiond due to its non-toxic, inert and non-flammable nature. It is similarly natural, inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and inflammable and generally environmentally accepted Schneider et.al, (1980). Its most important properties are enhanced dumbness, viscosity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Higher densities contribute to great dissolution of compounds while low viscosities enable easy penetration into samples and facilitation of fl ow of extracted (targeted) molecules from the source materials with fewer hindrances Dunford et.al, (2003). Diffusivity offers easy and faster transport through samples thus offers amend inception strengths and dissolved ingredients are also easily detached from the supercritical solvent by drop in weightlifture Fattori et.al, (1988). Sc-CO2, for the supra and many reasons used as solvent in extraction saves both(prenominal) time and money while retaining overall extraction precision and the true with high purity and healthy products that are of excellent quality Raventos et.al, (2002) Mohamed and Mansoori, (2002). Expectedly, a lot of research is now focused on the extractions of plant materials with supercritical carbon dioxide due primarily to the global growing solvent (organic) regulations and more(prenominal) importantly, the economic benefits (in terms of low operating temperatures faster extractions and easier purifications, and of course better product quality). Sta hl and Schutz Stahl and Schutz, (1980) extracted pyrethrins with CO2 and proposed that in the 20C to 40C temperature feed corruption (usually associated with pyrethrins extraction) does non occur. Sims patented in the US, an extraction of pyrethrins using liquid carbon dioxide Sims, (1981) and Wynn and others patented using Sc-CO2 Wynn et al. (1995). Wenclawiak and coworkers compared extracts obtained with ultrasonic (USE) and Soxhlet extractions (SEX) with hexane and Sc-CO2 extractions (SCE) and report that operate extraction with SCE gave better pyrethrins content Wenclawiak et.al, (1995).2. 0. Experimental2.1. Materials and ChemicalsGrounded chrysanthemum (light green with a symptomatic smell) sample and two pyrethrum concretes (yellow) were obtained from Yunnan Juxiang instinctive Plant Products Company in China. The pyrethrins content of the concretes was claimed to be 50.0% (29.50% PYI and 20.50% PYII) and 85.15% (46.33% PYI and 38.82% PYII). Six individual streamer so lutions (using standard amplification method) were prepared (from the 85.15% PY concrete-higher content, less(prenominal) impurities) for standardization of the analytical method. Analytical grade hexane (97.0%) and neutral spirits (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd in China, and used directly without any pre-treatment. CO2 (99.0 %) float was supplied by Xin Hongli torpedo Company also in China.2.2. ExperimentsThree disparate experiments were performedTo establish the standard/calibration curves for determining the components,To implement hexane extraction and come up the production of total PY in the grounded sample, andTo implement SFE and determine the break down of total PY in the CHE.2.3. Establishing Standard CurvesThe GC (Agilent) conditions used for establishing the standard curves are as follows split injector with 201 split ratio at 2500C northward as carrier gas at 1.6mL/min ow rate barb flashiness of 0.1 L temperature program started at 1800C, kept for 11 minutes, change at 100C/ min to 2000C, kept for 8 minutes, heated to 210 0C at 100C/min, kept for 18 minutes, then heated to 2450C at 30 0C/min, maintained for 4 minutes FID detector HP-5 Column, 30 mm 0.32 mm id., 0.25 m lm thickness. This column was chosen because it gives the best resolution, identication and quantication for products containing OH and C=O Rosana, (2003). 2g (85.15% concrete obtained from the company) of the extract was transferred into a 100mL flaskful containing 10mL ethanol, and then made up to the final volume of with ethanol and mixed well. Six aliquots (1mL, 2mL, 4mL, 8mL, 16mL and 32mL) of this solution were transferred into a 50mL flask distributively and diluted with ethanol again to the mark. We then calculated the concentrations of the PY in apiece aliquot, considering the percentage of each group (PYI and PYII) in the sample provided (Table A1 in the Appendix), injected (with a micro syringe) 0.1L of each solution into the G C after filtering (0.45-m membrane filter) and recorded the elution times and corresponding peak areas (Table A2) subsequently, established the standard curves to express the relationship between the areas produced by the GC and the concentrations (Figure 2).2.4. Hexane extractionWe extracted pyrethrins (from 100g of grounded sample of particle size of about 30mesh) with hexane in a water bath (YUHUA, DF-101S) in destinyes at different temperatures (35oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC) and times (3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs and 7hrs) in a 1000mL round- rotter flask, installed with a condenser. agitation was achieved by stirring sprightlyly with three big size magnetized stirrers at a step on it of 20rpm. The hexane was then removed from the pyrethrin concrete with a rotary evapourator (YUHUA, RE-2000B) at a temperature of 35 oC at a speed of 185rpm to obtain concentrated Crude Hexane Extract (CHE). Each concentrated sample was thereafter, filtered (0.45m) and 0.1L analyzed (Tables A3). This method has the advantage that the solvent is repeatedly recycled and temperature can be controlled. It offers a light coloured product with high recovery rate of pyrethrins however, not only the desired components are extracted (Figure 3). Other soluble and hydrophobic substances (waxes and pigments) are also extracted Kiriamiti et al, (2003). The solvent is removed by vacancy at lower temperature and the waxy thick mass left is the concrete composed of essential oils and other oil soluble (lipophilic) materials.3.0. Results and Discussion3.1. ExtractThe extracts (CHE) contain pigments, pertinacious oils and waxes whose colour is deep yellow with characteristic smell. It also contains several undesired components (Figure 3) compared with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1).3.2. settlementant of Extraction TemperatureTemperature has long been reported to be a crucial factor in the extraction of natural pyrethrins Atkinson et.al, (2004). Pyrethrins are s ensitive to temperature (thermo labile) and are therefore, unanimously reported to sink above 40oC Stahl and Schuzt, (1980) Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002) Wynn et al, (1994). We investigated the effect of different extraction temperatures (40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC) in fixed extraction times (5 hr gave better results than 6hr and 7hr). Our results conform to the reports (refer to Figure 4 and Table A3) the best yield (1.42) and PYI PYII ratio (4.75) is at 40oC (but the best PYII yield-0.33 is at 70oC). This suggests that targeted components are extracted effectively at this temperature (40oC), above which two problems occur (separately or simultaneously) one is the extraction of more undesirable components at the expense of pyrethrins and the other is the decomposition of pyrethrins to form iso-pyrethrins Stahl and Schuzt, (1980) Stahl, (1998) Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002) Wynn et.al, (1994) thereby reducing the yield as seen.3.3. arrange of StirringWe compared the effect of two sti rring methods on extraction yield the first with one charismatic stirrer and the second with three magnetic stirrers. The results are shown in Table A4, confirming that stirring improves extraction yield by facilitating the dissolution of the active ingredients and the effective distribution of heat. The extractions (at 40oC in 5hr) were repeated severally to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.3.4. Effect of Extraction TimeWe pass on investigated the effect of extraction time by fixing the extraction temperature at 40oC with three magnetic stirrers to establish the optimum extraction time (our sign time parameters were 5hr, 6hr and 7hr in which 5hr was the best). From Figure 5, the extraction yield step-ups steadily from 3hr to a peak at 4hr (see data in Table A5). Within this range, more desired components are extracted but after 4hr the yield decreases indicating that with prolonged time, as yet at the safest extraction temperature (40oC), less and less desired components are extracted and/or they decompose resulting in the decrease in yield. The drop in yield is consistent from 4hr (3.76%) to 6hr (2.15%). This implies that the optimum time ( deep down the times investigated) is not 5hr as initially expected but rather 4hr. However, the ratio of PYI PYII is best in 6hr (5.14). From 3hr to 4hr, the yield for both PYI and PYII appreciated but the increment in PYI (0.74) is greater than that of PYII (0.38) indeed the drop in the ratio. Between 4hr and 5hr, there is decrease in both PYI and PYII yields. Again, the decrease in PYI (0.98) is greater than that of PYII (0.49) accounting for the drop in ratio. The homogeneous reason accounts for the drop in ratio from 5hr to 6hr.3.5. Effect of Concentrating CHEThe effect of concentrating the CHE, on both PYI and PYII yield was analyzed (Table A6). Even though the concentrating temperature (35oC) was below the temperature above which PY degrades (40oC), there was loss in PY yield indicating degradation. This in our view may be due to the exposure of the pyrethrins directly to heat. As more hexane is evapourated, pyrethrins which hitherto, were locked in the solid sample matrix surrounded by hexane and as such shielded from direct heat, is now in direct contact with the heat and since they are sensitive to heat, decomposition is inevitable. However, the decomposition is small and negligible (about 2.25mg/ml which is about 0.41% of the total yield) due to perhaps the short concentrating time (about 30 min).4.0. Supercritical runny Extraction (SFE)The CHE is too thick (viscous) to be used directly, coupled with the presents of undesirable components (waxes and pigments). A further treatment, usually with another solvent that only dissolve the desired compounds from the concrete is necessary. Different from other works, this study carried out SFE on the CHE as a purification step. We looked at the effect of time (hr), temperature (0C) and pressure (MPa) on extraction quality and yield. We h ave not studied the effect of particle size and pre-treatment for information on this area, see the works of Kiriamiti and others Kiriamiti et al, (2002).4.1. SampleWe concentrated the CHE in a rotary evapourator (from 500ml to 40ml at 185rpm in 30 minutes) for the SFE.4.2. Extraction ProcessAt the beginning of the extraction (Figure 6), all the check valves are closed except valve 2. This allows the CO2 gas into the compressor 4 (OLSB by Zheng Zhou Co. LTD, China) to be compressed, and the pressure gauges are allowed to create equilibrium at a set pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa). Valve 5 is then opened and the compressed fluid (Sc-CO2) is fed into the bottom of the extraction vessel 7 (120ml capacity) for up flow extraction configuration, containing the CHE (40ml) and metallic element fillings to facilitate effective contacting (increase internal mass transfer) which had earlier been heated to a set temperature (350C, 370C and 390C) and allowed to attain constant temperature with the help of the water bath 6. An appreciable time is allowed (5-10mins) for the total and complete dissolution of the crude extract and then valve 8 is opened and maintained until the pressure is in equilibrium again. The pressure reducing valve 9 is opened finally to collect the pyrethrins in the flask 10. A mass flow meter helps to determine the flow rate (1.5L/min). The extraction process is run and stopped at set times (1hr, 2hr and 3hr) and the extracts analyzed with the results tabulated (Table A8). The Metal fillings after each run were washed (10ml or 5ml of Hexane) and collected as residues to check for complete extraction.5.0. Results and Discussion5.1. ExtractsThe extracts did not contain visible pigments as was seen in the CHE. The colour was also different light yellow to orange but the smell was similar. It also contained two extra components (Figure 10) which was found (by GC mass spectrometry) to be Tricosane (Peak 6) and Tetracosane (Peak 7). This was as a result of co mparison with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1).We compared the yield of the extracts after solvent extraction, concentrating the CHE and the SFE and noted that there was difference. The yield from the SFE was less due possibly, to the relatively high pressures used. Separation of the Sc-CO2 and the product is achieved by a drop in pressure. These high pressures have the tendency of causing the products to remain in the BPR or along the pipe (between the BPR and the flask in Figure 6) due to clotting as a result of the pressure drop in spite of our use of heating tapes to minimize this effect. This is confirmed by the value of the yield in the residue (0.05%) which is far less compared to the difference between the concentrated sample yield (3.30%) and that of the SFE (2.15%, see Table A10).5.2. Effect of PressureAccording to Kiriamiti and others, the quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with decreasing pressure due to (i) the effect of density on the solvability of pyrethrins, (ii) the slightly high density of CO2, (iii) the moderate variation in density with pressure, and (iv) the very low undesirable extracted products Kiriamiti et al, (2002). Our results conclusively conform to this (Table A7). The best extraction pressure was at 20MPa (at 350C and 2hrs). The concentration of PY also increases within this pressure range (from 81.34mg/ml 93.79mg/ml). Similar phenomenon was observed for both 1hr and 3hrs, indicating that more pyrethrins were extracted than the undesirable components within this pressure range (Figure 7).5.3. Effect of Extraction TimeThe quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with extraction time at higher temperatures (above 400C), explaining that either pyrethrins decompose at these empyreal temperatures or more undesirables are extracted instead. From Table A8, the yield and concentration of PY increase from 1hr to a maximum in 2hr (1.35% 2.15% and 90.42mg/ml 93.79mg/ml at 350C and 20MPa). some(prenominal) however decrease in 3hr (1.24% and 82.30mg/ml, Figure 8). This implies that pyrethrins were extracted faster than the undesirables from 1 to 2hr but as the extraction proceeds, more undesirables were then extracted at the expense of the pyrethrins or which decompose. Therefore, prolonged extraction time rather favours the extraction of undesirables or promotes decomposition of pyrethrins.5.4. Effect of TemperaturePyrethrins are thermo labile and therefore require being touch on at low temperatures. Therefore, high extraction temperature does not only degrade the pyrethrins but also favours the extraction of undesirables (Figure 9). Within the temperature range we investigated, the best yield was at 350C (Table A9).6. 0. ConclusionsPyrethrins are usually purified with organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, petroleum ether etc) or their mixtures Kasaj et.al, (1999) Henry et.al, (1999) Duan et.al, (2006) which are generally expensive, flammable and explosive and above al l, face strict legislative controls Patrick, (2003). Alternatively, carbon dioxide is used to refining and purification. Sims proposed the use of liquid carbon dioxide Sims, (1981). Similar to our method, Kiriamiti and others reported the extraction of pyrethrins from crude hexane extract (CHE) from batch extraction experiment using carbon dioxide Kiriamiti et.al, (2003) but with different extracting conditions and synopsis method (HPLC). It is worth noting that our set up is very simple and less expensive coupled with the fact that our sample, after the SFE, contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) not reported so far as part of the purification step. These components are not hazardous Directive 67/548/EEC and have similar characteristics (may cause respiratory and digestive irritations), uses (as insecticides and biopesticides) and effects (they may not be detrimental to the insects but they certainly disrupt their behaviuor patterns and flushes them out for the more deadly pyrethrins I) as pyrethrins II Chemcas.org Chemnet.com PPDB, (2011) Wylie, (1972) Lewis et.al, (1975). We developed a simple but efficient two-step surgical operation for the extraction of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum (pyrethrum flowers) and investigated the effect of various operating parameters on concentration and extraction yield. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the two-step extraction of pyrethrins (first with hexane in a water bath and second with SC-CO2 as a purification step) is feasible and effective the optimum extraction condition for high pyrethrins yield (3.76%) for the n-hexane extraction was 400C in 4hr that vigorous stirring facilitated this and that it is possible to achieve extraction yield of 3% or even more envisaged by Casida and Quistad. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a high recovery of pyrethrins is reported. A number of reasons may be attributed to this high recovery i) extraction procedure, ii) choice of solve nt, iii) vigorous stirring and above all, vi) the type of sample used. We further conclude that for the SFE (2.15% and 93.79mg/ml) the optimum conditions were 350C, at pressure of 20MPa in 2hr.7.0. ReferencesAmrith S. Gunasekara, (2004) Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins, Environmental supervise Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812Atkinson B. L, Blackman A. J, and Faber H, (2004) The degradation of the natural pyrethrins in crop storage, J. Agric. solid food Chem. 52, 280-28Bakaric P, (2005) Buha prirodni insekticid, Gospodarski list 17 41-45Casida J. E and Quistad G. B, (1995) Pyrethrum Flowers Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses, Oxford University Press, New YorkChandler S. E, (1948) The root word and Early History of the Production of Pyrethrum in Kenya, Pyrethrum stigmatise 1 (1) 10-13Chen Y-L, and Casida J. E, (1969) Photodecomposition of Pyrethrin I, Allethrin, Phthalthrin, and Dimethrin, J. Agr. Food Chem. 17 208-215Coomber H. E, (1948) The Chemical Evaluation of Pyrethrum Flowers, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1) 16-19Directive 67/548/EEC The dangerous Substances Directive (as amended) is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety.Duan Wei, Zhengguo Li, Guomin Wang, Yingwu Yang, Yingguo Li and Yuxian Xia, (2006) Separation and purification of pictorial pyrethrins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Chin. J. of Anal. Chem., vol.34, is.12, pp 1776-1779Dunford N. T, Teel J. A and King J. W, (2003) A Continuous snack bar Current Supercritical Fluid Deacidification Process for Phytosterol Ester Fortification in rice Bran Oil, Food look for International 36, 175-181Essig K and Zhao Z, (2001b) Method Development and check of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Pyrethrum Extract, J Chromatogr Sci 39 (4) 473-480 (8)Essig K and Zhao Z. J, (2001a) Preparation and characterization of a Pyrethrum extract standard. LC/GC 19(7) 722-730Fattori M, Bulley N. R, and M eisen A, (1988) Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Canola See Oil Solubility and Effect of Seed Treatment. J. A. O. C. S. 65, 968-974Gnadinger C. B, (1936) Pyrethrum Flowers. 2nd Ed. McLaughlin, Gormley, King, Minneapolis, MinnesotaGourdon C and Romdhane M, (2002) Investigation in Solid-Liquid Extraction Influence of Ultrasound, Chemical Engineering Journal 87, 11-19Jeanne Roberts, (2009) Insecticide toughened Mosquito Nets and Malaria Prevention Weighing the Benefits, Naming the Benefactors at www.celsia.comJones G. D. G, (1973) Pyrethrum Production, In Pyrethrum The Natural Insecticide, J. E. Casida (Eds.), Academic Press. New York, NY, 17-21Kasaj D, A. Rieder, L. Krenn and B. Kopp, (1999) Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Natural Pyrethrins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chromatographia Vol. 50, No. 9/10Kiriamiti H. K, Camy S, Gourdon C and Condoret J.S, (2003) Pyrethrin Extraction from Pyrethrum Flower using Carbon Dioxide, J. Supercrit. 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Direct Determination of Pyrethrins in Pyrethrum Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection. J. of Chrom. 766, 277-281Wenclawiak B. W and Otterbach A, (1999). Supercritical Flui d Extraction Kinetics of Pyrethrins from Flowers and Allethrin from Paper Strips. J. Anal. Chem. 365 8, 472-474Wenclawiak B. W, Krappe M and Otterbach A, (1995) In Situ Transesterification of the Natural Pyrethrins, J. of chrom. A, 785, 263-267World Health Organization, (1975) Data Sheet on Pesticides No. 11, Pyrethrins (www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest11_e.htm)Wynn H. T. P, Cheng-Chin C, Tien-Tsu S, Fong L, and Ming-Ren S. F, (1995) Preparative Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethrins I and II from Pyrethrum Flower Talanta 42, 1745-1749

What Is Science Communication?

What Is Science Communication?What is Science communicating? Science converse gener every(prenominal)y refers to scientific discipline related topics presented by the exoteric media to macrocosm or non-scientists. Science colloquy is important, not just now to pass on a fill for developing acquaintance, because al nearly of the information is directly depends on accomplishment. Science pervades our localizeliness today. This is because virtually of our industries and much of our national prosperity depend on perception (Bodmer report, 1985). We used everything or machinery related to science at home as well as at ready. Science in like manner affects our individual(prenominal) activities from health and diet to holidays and sports. So, it is important to show the reason everyone should have some discretion of science to remediate this intellectual. Science communicating open fire too only if describe as the communication between scientists and non-scientists. The common gets information virtually science through engaging with science communicators and through mass media. well-nigh ballparkly, the media like newspapers, television, internet and magazines ar the channels used to spread science to the customary. The interaction between scientists, the public and also the media becoming very common due to the development of science. Now many of the new generation of pupil scientists ar trained in communication skills so that they disregard die to the outside world (Besley and Tanner, 2010).About the role of scientists in public delve 2001, most of the scientists debate that transport their work and its social and ethical import to the public is their responsibility. But, there also many scientists said they have no beat to go on their search to the public due to the requirement of their jobs nowadays. around of the researchers said that constraint of time stopping them for engaging with the public and also the peer pressur e as a gap to take power in public designation (The royal rules of order, 2006). Whereby, the specialist science communicators ar suggested by scientists as the best group to give notice (of) science to others. This is because they are equipped with all be intimateledge, skills or experiences in science which rear befriend them communicate well. These can prevent from misrepresent. Scientists should attempt an effective assessment of dominance effects for the public and also ensure the appropriate communication methods so that public not misunderstand and aspiration the scientific works. The scientist was encouraged by the government, research funders and the public to explain and discuss their scientific work, to consider also the sensory faculty of the community for example the use of animals in the research (Engaging science, 2006). Scientists should complicate themselves in public engagement in order to convince the public on their scientific research.In the recent p ast, many scientists think that they exit lose their job if science became to a greater extent popular (Gregory,J Miller,S, 1998). But now, most scientists think that it is important and essentials for public to know more to the highest degree the science (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). It is important to communicate science to public to still their careers and to further their research. The public can have a separate understanding of science and scientists do which enable them to judge the science issues and to betray their own decisions on their lives through communicating (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). So, what do scientists think about science communication? Some scientists assure it is wasting their time and energy to communicate while some ascertain that science communication entrust bring to misunderstanding and misrepresenting of information. Where, clinical and biomedical scientists more likely to state misunderstanding and misrep resentation as their disadvantages to communicate the science to the public (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). But, the health research can be recognized as the work of outsiders and unaccountable to participation if there is no engaging with the social, politic and cultural until the research had been enforced (Bangalore, 2009). However, many scientists state that there are no personal disadvantages. well-nigh of the scientists think that communicate science to public bring many personal advantages sooner of no benefitsCash inducements In order to do a research, cash or money is the important premises. From the survey of the royal society in 2006, money was the briny incentive to encourage scientists to communicate their conclusions to public. It doesnt division the awards or prizes is given to departments or individuals.Attracting possible funding intimately of the scientists will take science communication as a part for them to imbibe more organizations o r funder on their research. As in the Pew research, the main obstacles to conduct the research is lack of funding. The vast majority of scientists, 87% utter it is the serious problem to continue their research.Personal satisfaction- By communicating, scientists will have intercourse and feel happy to interact with non-scientists, junior public, women and also other colleagues. well-nigh of the younger scientists take their personal satisfaction or be intimatement to communicate their work with the children. They felt satisfied watching the young public enjoy the scenes with them (Martin-Sempere et al, 2008).Make the name know- Scientists communicate their work in public because they are hoping their scientific work known by most of the people instead of only few other scientists. They also hope they can append their chance of funding. The majority of senior researchers takes science communication as a way to make their name or work well known (Martin-Sempere et al, 2008).Care er development communicating can bring a domineering impact to career. It is the way to prove ones skills, knowledge and experiences in the world and stable their career. The report on the role of scientists in public debate in 2001 stated that the majority of scientists using science communication as a useful way to advance their career, providing more opportunities for collaboration and job security. grow to know one scientists competitors By communicating, scientists and their competitors can have a approximate contact. Its actually an effective way to interact with other scientists in diverse fields to improve their works or research which bring more benefits to the society. It may provide a better and details knowledge about them when competing for something like position or funds. Besides, competitors also can be a good partner in their career in the future.Keeping way and motivated By communicating, it is an essential way to keep track of the things we are doing. Its a lso one of the tools for a scientist to refer back to the contrastive take aim of research and learn from our research process. Communicating along the way can also keep motivation going to serve up a scientist to can forward without giving up.Make a scientists research more meaningful- Communicating also a way to let scientists know their work and its benefits to the society. It can help the public know more about the scientific work that carry out by scientists and the purpose of the work in order to let the public know the importance of scientists to the world.Feedback Feedback is an important component in every field. By communicating it, the public becomes aware of the existence of projects and can give advice and suggestions, share experiences to improve the research. Scientists can improve their research and avoiding them from doing some things that will harm the public, society or even the world.Contribute to a positive image of science Through communicating, it is a w ay to enrolment out all the expenses and also the work to all the people curiously the government and the funders. Of this, all the funder or contributors will know and think it is expensive to invest either time or resources in science. So, the funder and contributors will keep supporting the science which indirectly help scientists to solve the issue of funding. In addition, it also helps to show out the scientific contribution to society.Become a better communicator Communication is a useful skills to help scientists to communicate or interact more with the outside world instead of just staying in the laboratory room keep doing their research. It is actually not fair for scientists because just of their duty or jobs make scientists lose their freedom or time to enjoy the colourful activities in this world. Through communicating, scientists can communicate intelligibly actively with the public to avoid them from discriminate from the world.In the Bodmer report, science commun ication is very important mainly to enhance the national prosperity in raising the publics quality and private-decision making and enriching the keep of an individual. The public should have a better understanding of science to support or even to object the new technologies related to science. This is because there always have issues that appear to be largely scientific or technical brought to the major social and governmental implications. For example, drugs prescription, pollution, radioactive waste disposal and etc. Governments, a decision noble should prohibit the technologies that are harmful to human being and our earth. Besides, the public should know most of the new scientific method to improve their private conduct or daily life. For example, smoking, diet, vaccination, technologically based society, electronic gadget which all underlying on science. Public also need to understand the spirit of risks and uncertainty of the scientific product because most of the product brought to the balancing of risks.So, science communication is an important part to spread the knowledge of science to the public.In my opinion, there are no much changes of the opinion in the understanding of science between the time of Bodmer report and now. The main difference is the attitudes of scientists think about public engagement. At the time of Bodmer report, the majority of scientists do not take care of the science communication. They focus full attention on their research and do not want to communicate their scientific finding to public. Thats why one of the Bodmer reports conclusion state that scientists need to learn to communicate in public and also learn about media and take facts of life in communication. In the last decade, the majority of scientists have no media, communications training or the training for public engagement (The royal society, 2006). Most of the scientist in-charge in communication and a lot of training had been done to the scientists nowaday s. For example, most of the universities state the science communication as a compulsory equal to(p) for every science student. Such science communication training is increasingly being offered to working scientists and also future scientists in universities and even at schools. Generally, courses, seminar and workshops are included in this type of communication training to help scientists to talk to public clearly (Besley and Tanner, 2010). Besides, the public attitudes to science and technology is not positive enough, they may become a negative anti science. Well, afterward the date of Bodmer report, the public is not the deficit models anymore. Generally, there has a different opinion throughout the scientific age. The senior scientists communicate science because of the sense of duty and also to make their name better known to public. While, younger scientists take science communication as their personal satisfaction and frolic instead as the way to get rewards or money (Mar tin-Sempere et al, 2008).In conclusion, scientists should take science communication as the need to educate the public instead of to listen, learn or debate as part of honest-to-god dialogue. Scientists also have to take part in public engagement activities to arouse more information or methods in order to improve their research. Scientists should interact with the public sincerely and not look science communication as a tool for them to grab more individual benefits. This is because the main purpose that every research done by scientists is to make our life better and also to cure all the problems that harm to society and the world. So, no matter it is scientists, public or media, we need to look science communication positively.

what Does it Mean to be a Good Person?

what Does it Mean to be a Good Person?Everyday crossways the world we are creation told to be a right person, however what does that re bothy mean? Is a secure person in the States the like as a estimable person in commie North Korea? I say yes a legal person is conflicting the unsloped citizen whose legality is relevant to the politics in which they live the beneficial person is a good person no matter the administration while the good citizen is only representative of that which the offer deems best. The good firearm can be good anywhere because he follows celibacy, and finds happiness in that chastity. To illustrate this point I will first define the good worldhood then the seriously regime, and finall(a)y how a good valet de chambre fits into the bad regime.The Good ManSocrates, while under trial, explained his explanation of a good person in refutation of the charge that he was humiliated of pursuing a dangerous occupation that had the possibility of deat h. He responded You are wrong, sir, if you think that a man who is any good at all should take into account the risk of life or death he should look to this only in his executeions, whether what he does is right or wrong, whether he is acting like a good or a bad man1Here we have a very cut and ironical explanation of the good man, he who does non concern himself with petty ain wants but only whether his actions are good and just.Aristotle sets out a unclouded boundary between what he considers a good man and a good citizen. For Aristotle the good man is the man that acts and lives virtuously and derives happiness from that virtue. And the good citizen acts to the best virtue of the read and each of these things are quite separate, The good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes a good man2The separation is clearly evident, the fact that what makes a good citizen does not qualify someone to be a good person. So being a good person does not mean you have t o by association be a good citizen they are two distinctly different states, it is only in the best of regimes that the good person is overly the good citizen. The nature of political overshadow is that rule of those similar in stock and free3As Aristotle argues if the virtue of a citizen is the capacity to rule and be ruled in turn, then the virtue of the good man is also to have this capacity in the best of regimes.The good in any animal or plant is the same as it is for valet de chambre that to be and act in harmony with the virtue of that species. In a way this is a human participating in that which is most human, to act in harmony with rationality and virtue. The good in acting with the virtue of a human is the perfection of that which can only be expound rationally such things as hit the hay and justice. To act unto these things is to act with virtue but there also stands limits to everything. To act with besides great or too little emphasis in any act is to disturb ba lance and pulls the good man from his path of virtue, too much love is obsession, too little disdain either extreme is undesirable to the good man. The good man lives by the Golden Mean that which is not too in excess in either direction.To bring together the definition of a good man, Socrates says he is a man who always considers his actions and acts in a good and just manner. Aristotle says a good man acts unto virtue and derives his happiness and pleasure from that virtue. So we have a man who is prudent, virtuous, and just. This man must now fit into a corrupt regime, a regime that does not follow all those things which make him a good man.The uncollectible RegimeThere were six different categories in which all regimes were pose as defined by both Socrates and Aristotle, those of tyranny, monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, democracy and polity. Of these regimes tyranny, oligarchy and democracy were all negative and corrupt regimes because the governing body whether it be a hot shot person, small group or the many respectively only were judgment in their own interests and not to the benefit of all. In the good regimes it is those same forms of governing bodies yet they govern in the interest of the state as a whole.Of the bad regimes Aristotle had declared that tyranny was the most undesirable state as the citizens were reduced to nothing more than slaves. In a compulsive government the governed are not looked after but only utilize to further the goals of the leader. The next two are defined in a similar manner men ruling by reason of their wealth, whether they be few or many,4for an oligarchy and defining a democracy as where the unworthy rule.5To Aristotle an oligarchy was a twisted degradation of the good regime aristocracy, in the oligarchy it is not that few men govern it is that it is the wealthy class that rules creating a state in which all power resides in the upper class..

Treatment Options for Fractured Bridge

intercession Options for Fractured Bridge reference Study Discuss the give-and-take options of a case that you have manipulation planned as cave in of your ICEi clinical portfolio. enduring complaint Had a nosepiece in fastness left argona which had fractured and wanted to marvel about the possibility of graft interference to supersede the odontiasis and remnant the gap .History of pre direct condition Patient had a bridge for years for his one front missing tooth , and had recently fractured the bridge .No pain sensation or discomfort from the broken tooth and has left the gap as much(prenominal)(prenominal) .Patient also had tried dentures for his other missing teeth but was not able to get used to them. Patient wanted to explore the options to replace his front missing teeth, in particular with alveolar consonant institutes. Patient not in any discomfort, and did not report any other dental problems.Patients expectation from the discussion is to replace front tee th, so that they look, function and receive like his own teeth and can give him confidence to make a face as before .Social History Patient rarely consumes inebriant and is a non-smokerLow sugar intake in diet checkup History High blood pressureMedications Ramipril, Cardioplen (Felodipine) / SimvastatinExtra vocal examination No abnormality detectedIntra oral examination loopy Tissue The soft tissues intra-orally were in good health.Periodontal condition haemorrhage on probing at some areas and calculus in get down front teeth. Grade 1 mobility with LR1, LL1 teeth but the pocketing depth was at heart normal range. Patient had average oral hygiene.Teeth Teeth and animate restitutions and pourboires were generally in good condition.Generalised mild attrition was noted. wanting(p) teeth UR8 UR7 UR6 UR5UL3 UL6 UL7 UL8LR7 LR6 LR5LL5 LL6 LL7Crowned teeth (PBC) UR4 UR3 UR2 UR1 UL2Restored teeth UL5 LR8 LR4 LL8 restored with amalgam riposteLR8 LL8 drifted medianly.UL4 tooth wa s fractured which was an abutment for medial cantilever bridge(UL3-pontic, UL4- retainer crown), No caries, minimal coronal tooth anatomical structure presentOcclusionUpper cockeyed Kennedys Class 1, passing 1, considering missing UL3. put down arch Kennedys Class 3, Modification 1 blood was present.Due to missing posterior teeth in both upper and lower arch, patient had an edge to edge biteNo unadorned canine guidance or group function on squint movements.Lip / Smile contestationLip and smile lines were positioned in such a way that when smiling broadly some of the gum margins of teeth were seen. An average (Moderate) lip line was hence recorded.(Van der Geld, Oosterveld et al. 2011).Bone morphology on palpationUL3 area was noted to have buccal beat mar on palpation.UL4 tooth was having good hard tissue height and width cod to the presence of the tooth.Diagnostic testsRadiographs takenDPT x-ray was done to assess the alveolar off-white levelsPeriapical X-ray UL34 was done to assess the quality and quantity of ram available for the implant fixture.PhotographsFront view (close up) to record the lip lineIntraoral view of UL3, UL4 areaBone stain pictureDiagnosisFailed preliminary cantilever bridge (UL3 pontic, UL4 retainer)UL4 fracture tooth (no caries minimal tooth to restore)Upper and Lower partially edentulous arches.Generalised chronic mild gingivitisPatient wishes Patient prefers a fixed option for the gap in the front. interference planning, objectives and considerations sermon is indicated to restore aesthetics and function and would also benefit the patient psychologically to have confidence in his smile again (Lindsay, And et al. 7).Considering patient desires, specialised objectives of the treatment should be to restore missingUL3 tooth and UL4 tooth with a fixed option.The deck up around the fractured tooth (UL4) is adequate, and there is sufficient bone height and width to brook the restoration of implant fixture. However, the bo ne around the missing tooth (UL3) was inadequate with wasted defect and would need bone grafting to aid the long-term perceptual constancy of the fixture. This can also further help to improve aesthetic results after implant treatment. insecurity factors / limitationsFracture of buccal bone can top during extraction of UL4.UL3 has been noted to have less adequate bone, the implant restoration may have a higher restoration margin than the natural teeth, and tooth might appear to emerge higher up the gum than the beside teeth.No posterior support present in the present compromised occlusion and risk of excessive load on implants and hence failure of implants over repayable to biomechanical reason and occlusion overloading(Kim, Oh et al. 2).Lack of primary stability of implants and embed failure.(Chrcanovic, Chrcanovic et al. 6). intervention options for the replacement of the missing teeth areNo treatment leave Gap UL3 (Kanno, Carlsson 2006),Leave alone UL4Extraction of UL4 and partial dentures (Davenport, Basker et al. 2000).Bridge (Not advised in this case, considering UL2 heavily restored and not suitable as an abutment). (Anonymous 2007).Implant options UL4 implant and mesial cantilever bridge with UL3 UL4(Implant back up bridge), (Kim, Ivanovski et al. 2).b. UL4 implant supported crown and UL3 Implant supported crown withbone grafting in UL3 (Al-Khaldi, Sleeman et al. 2011).Advantages and Disadvantages of unlike treatment options 1. Leave, accept gap / Leave alone fractured UL4AdvantagesNo treatment neededNo surgeryAccept gap, no addressDisadvantagesUnaesthetic drift / Tilting of adjacent teethFunction and phonetic compromisedContinuous bone overtaking, devising restoring site more challenging at later date.Development of occlusal interferences seek of caries developing UL4 put on the line of acute pain / swelling and transmittance UL42. Partial denturesAdvantagesNo surgeryLow costFew visits for treatmentsDisadvantages may be unstableFood s olicitationDoes not prevent bone lossTolerance can be difficult3. Bridge break (Not advised / feasible in this case)AdvantagesNo surgeryLow costFew visits for treatmentsTeeth are fixedDisadvantagesHealthy teeth alert for support, Risk of loss of vitality ,may need Root canal treatment or Extraction at later date .Food accumulation as difficult to flossDoes not prevent bone lossHigh costFracture of bridge or any part of it , needs replacing with new bridge as difficult to define .Implant optionsa) UL4 implant and mesial cantilever bridge with UL3 UL4 (Implant supported bridge)Advantages slight cost as one implant to be placedNo bone grafting needed, one functional visit would be less.Treatment completion would be early as no bone augmentation needed. mulish prosthesisPrevent bone loss at UL4 siteDisadvantages / LimitationsRisk of implant failure is high due to excessive occlusal load due to missing posterior support.Compromised aesthetic outcome for UL3 due to bone defect present .If bridge work fails, would then plan to put deuce implants as planned as the next option and hence further cost. oral exam hygiene needs to be maintained.b) UL4 implant supported single crown and UL3 Implant supported single crown with bone grafting in UL3 area.AdvantagesFixed prosthesisPrevent further bone loss at UL3 UL4 sites.Better aesthetic results.Individual implants, easy to maintain oral hygiene.Risk of failure due to occlusal load decreases as forces divided on dickens fixtures.If an implant fails, they could be replaced or treated individually.Long term clinical data reveals that the prognosis for implant treatment is very high, in the percentage of 90-95%. (Pjetursson, Pjetursson et al. 6).Disadvantages / LimitationsMore cost as two implants and bone augmentation required.One surgical appointment added and wait for bone material to mature and hence lengthen treatment time.Risk of implant fixtures failure to ossteointegrate.The success of implant treatment will mainly depend on the ability to maintain a very high level of oral hygiene and plaque jibe measures in the long term.Need to attend dentist at 3-6 periodical intervals to ensure good periodontal (gum) condition is maintained around your implant fixture and standing natural teeth. provisionary restoration optionsNo Provisional restoration or DenturePatient opted for No Provisional restorationType of bone grafting options Dib 2010)An osseous graft can be osteogenic, osteoinductive or osteoconductive agent.Osteogenic graft contains vital cells, which will contribute to new bone growth.Osteoinductive graft stimulates the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts due to the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).Osteoconductive graft will see as a scaffold for new bone formation.Graft materials are also classifies asAutograft bone, obtained from the same individual.Allograft bone, obtained from a different individual, but from the same species(Bone bank)Xenograft bone, obtained from different species (Bovine)Alloplast graft is made of unreal materials.Patient had no reservation for xenograft and hence xenograft Bio-oss was hold to be used. Patient information leaflet given on same.Treatment agreed and plannedFrom the options discussed and considering patients wishes , it was agreed to plan two individual implant retained single crowns with bone augmentation at UL3 site and it was proposed to do shield and polishExtract the UL4 tooth and Bone Graft UL3 areaPlace two implant UL3 and UL4Fabricate new upper and lower partial dentures nourishment instruction and regular follow upA report was sent to the patient with all the options written after the consultation and attached with a breakdown of the costs for consideration and consent to proceed.Reference list AL-KHALDI, N., SLEEMAN, D. and ALLEN, F., 2011. perceptual constancy of dental implants in grafted bone in the anterior maxilla longitudinal study. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 49 (4), pp. 319-323.ANONYMOUS, 2007. Long-term survival of contend crowns, fixed dental prostheses, and cantilever fixed prostheses with posts and cores on root canal-treated teeth. British Dental Journal, 203(9), pp. 523.DAVENPORT, J., BASKER, R., HEATH, J., RALPH, J. and GLANTZ, P., 2000. The removable partial denture equation. British Dental Journal, 189(8), pp. 414-24.DIB, M., 2010. favored Bone Grafting. Oral Health, 100(4), pp. 106-107,109.KANNO, T. and CARLSSON, G.E., 2006. A review of the shortened dental arch concept focusing on the work by the Kyser/Nijmegen group. England Blackwell issue Ltd.KIM, P., IforefrontOVSKI, S., LATCHAM, N. and MATTHEOS, N., 2. The impact of cantilevers on biological and technical success outcomes of implantsupported fixed partial dentures. A retrospective cohort study. Clinical oral implants research, 25(2), pp. 175 175-184 184.KIM, Y., OH, T., MISCH, C.E. and WANG, H., 2. Occlusal considerations in implant therapy clinical guidelines with biome chanical rationale. Clinical oral implants research, 16(1), pp. 26 26-35 35.LINDSAY, S., AND, K. and JENNINGS, K., 7. The psychological benefits of dental implants in patients distressed by untolerated dentures. Psychology Health, 15(4), pp. 451 451-466 466.PJETURSSON, B.E., PJETURSSON, B.E., BRGGER, U., LANG, N.P. and ZWAHLEN, M., 6. Comparison of survival and complication rates of toothsupported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) and implantsupported FDPs and single crowns (SCs). Clinical oral implants research, 18, pp. 97 97-113 113.VAN DER GELD, P., OOSTERVELD, P., SCHOLS, J. and KUIJPERS-JAGTMAN, A.M., 2011. Smile line assessment comparing quantitative measurement and optical estimation. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 139(2), pp. 174-180.

Peer Pressure Leads To Guilt And Destruction

Peer Pressure Leads To Guilt And DestructionMacbeth, written by Shakespeare, is a tragedy that showed the consequences of Macbeths guilt from the peer imperativeness of peeress Macbeth. dame Macbeth questi unmatchedd Macbeths manliness several times through and through push through the narrative. Macbeth unavoidablenessed to prove that he was a stronger person. Even though Macbeth proved his manliness, he regretted his decision. Macbeths decision to pop Duncan was based off of peer pressure from peeress Macbeth.The character Macbeth had been told by the three weird sisters that he was going to be the Thane of Cawdor and king of Scotland. In order for Macbeth to manoeuvre the throne, he had to station to death power Duncan. Macbeth never trained the question, Do I re altogethery have to refine Duncan in order to manufacture king? Instead, Macbeth was pressured into his decision by his married woman, skirt Macbeth. From Macbeths decision some ask the question, Was Macbe th really pressured by Lady Macbeth? A nonher question often brought up is, Why did Macbeth make the decision to toss off Duncan? I believe the important reason for the murder of Duncan was from the peer pressure of Lady Macbeth.Macbeth had just returned from halt two invading armies, except that did not stop him from wanting much power. Macbeth was ambitious but lacked he lacked the effort to make it happen (Snodgrass 37). He often thought around the consequences that would happen if he were to proceed in killing Duncan. Macbeth also thought about the things Duncan had through for him when he served him as king. He decided he could not bring himself to kill Duncan, but he wanted more success. On the other hand Lady Macbeth was far more ambitious than her husband. Lady Macbeth was described as rattling ambitious, burning in unquench adequate to(p) desire to have the name of tycoon (Quennell 133). After Lady Macbeth read the permitter her husband wrote her she say, Hurry kinsfolk so I can twist your thought process with my sharp address toward the obstacles that stand in the way of your crowning, a rise to greatness that mickle and the witches have promised (I.V.24-29). She had a plan up her sleeve to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth did not see anything wrong with killing Duncan she notwithstanding if saw a way to gain more power.Lady Macbeth called upon evil spirits to tick her in the right mind-set to pressure Macbeth. She said, Come you spirits that scat on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top estimable of direst cruelty (I.V.38-41). Come to my womans breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your unobservant substance you wait on natures mischief (I.V.45-46). Come thick shadow, and frighten off thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of dark (I.V.48-51). First Lady Macbeth said, desexualise me here, to prove that she would be willing to become the opposite sex. Lady Macbeth a great deal wished at this point that she was not a woman anymore, so she could kill Duncan. Then she called upon the evil spirits to replace her breast milk with bitterness. Lastly, she asked for the night to be covered with fog so she would not be able to see the wound of Duncan. This showed how much she was willing to kill King Duncan.Macbeth told his wife Duncan will be staying with us but he will repudiate the next morning. Lady Macbeth said, O Never shall sun that morrow see/ your face, my thane, is as a book where men may read strange matters (I.V.58-61). She told Macbeth, mind like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert (I.V.63-64). She thusly said, conduce all the rest to me (I.V.71). Lady Macbeth meant go and treat Duncan like royalty and keep your murderous intent hidden. Lady Macbeth then planned out the plot to kill Duncan. That greatly showed her ambition and hunger for power.Ma cbeth contemplated if he should kill King Duncan. Macbeth had thought of several reasons why he should not and did not want to kill Duncan. First, Duncan was king over him. Second, Macbeth was his protector and host because he was staying at Macbeths house, and he should not harm him. Lastly, King Duncan had been a honorable and kind ruler, so Macbeth felt he should never hurt him. Macbeth brought to his wifes precaution that he did not want to go through with the plan to kill King Duncan. He said, We will proceed no further in this business he hath honourd me of late and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people, which would be worn now in their newest gloss, not cast parenthesis so soon (I.VII.31-34). That should have been the end, but Lady Macbeth would not take no for an answer.Lady Macbeth urged Macbeth to kill Duncan, which eventually led to his downfall. She did not only question his decision, but she questioned his manliness. Men never like to feel bleachede r than women. Macbeths wife said, When you durst do it when you were a man and, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man (I.VII.49-51). Lady Macbeth meant if you murder Duncan and do what you plan, then you will be a real man. Lady Macbeth showed she could be virile when she said, I have given suck and know how tender tis to contend the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluckd my titty from his boneless gums, and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done (I.VII.54-59). Lady Macbeth expressed a very powerful statement when she said she would be able to kill her own child. Lady Macbeths words were a great challenge for Macbeth. Macbeth said, Bring forth men-children only for thy undaunted warmheartedness should compose nothing but males (I.VII.72-74). Macbeth meant you have such a toughened heart that you should only bear male babies (Snodgrass 51). Lady Macbeth felt he was besides compassionate to kill Duncan i n order to claim the throne. He would rather take the throne fairly (Snodgrass 37). Questioning Macbeths manliness pressured him into killing King Duncan.Lady Macbeth gave the excuse that she could not kill Duncan because he looked too much like her father. She said, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done it (II.II.12-13). She was giving an excuse for why she did not want to kill Duncan. This showed she lost strength when she saw Duncan sleeping, for he reminded her of her father. It showed she became weak interior and pressured Macbeth instead. Lady Macbeth tried to sound tough when she said, Unsex me here, but became weak when she saw him sleeping.Macbeth was afraid that the plan will fail, and the people will regulate out that he murdered Duncan. She told Macbeth, Screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we will not fail (I.VII.60-61). Lady Macbeth said, If we pretend to grieve for the king no one will challenge us (I.VII.77-79). He finally decided he wante d to prove to Lady Macbeth that he was a real man. Macbeth went through with the decision and murdered Duncan. She said, Smear the faces with blood. Macbeth refused, Mocking his weakness, she takes the daggers and performs the task herself (Rozakis 240). Lady Macbeth put blood on Duncans guards and laid the daggers next to them. She left the people thinking it was Duncans guards who planned the murder of their king.The Bible gave us many good examples of how we desire to submit ourselves to our husbands. God gave a command that said, Wives submit to your husband as is fitting in the Lord (NIV Colossians 318). Lady Macbeth should have let Macbeth make the decision based off of what he was right and what he felt was the right decision. She was only thinking of herself and what she got from the blot. She knew she wanted to have the denomination of becoming queen and did not think of the consequences that could come from the situation. I Corinthians 113 stated, The husband is to assu me leadership in the home. The husband and wife should both show love and respect towards each other, but he should have told Lady Macbeth I will do what is best for us. some(prenominal) Macbeth and Lady Macbeth experienced guilt and regret after the murder of King Duncan. Macbeth experienced regret because he had to hire murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance to cover up the slaughter of Duncan (Rozakis 240). Macbeth began to feel insanity from the whole situation. Lady Macbeth was furbish uped from the situation when she began to sleep walk. As Lady Macbeth was sleep walking, she began rubbing her hands. She rubbed her hands try to get the blood off of them (Quennell 134). She kept thinking that her hands were blinking(a) from when she smeared the blood on the faces of Duncans guards. This drove her into insanity, which eventually led her to commit suicide.The story of Macbeth was a good example that showed the effect of peer pressure. Suicide is the tercet leading cause of deat h in America among teens. Peer pressure has not only led to suicide, but also drug overdoses, deadly car accidents, violent crime, and unwanted pregnancy (Unknown Author). Teens, who have been pressured by their friends, sometimes turn to suicide as a way out (Unknown Author). Lady Macbeth only thought about fame and power and did not think about the consequences of her actions. She pressured Macbeth, which led to Duncans murder. She did not only think about how this decision could affect her. She felt guilty, which led to her insanity. One action led to not only the murder of Duncan, but the murder of herself.

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu

patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurais Pigs sternt evaporateWoman is not innate(p) she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that mother of the earth, slut of the universe of discourse and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women atomic number 18 dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been keep down by means of social measures much(prenominal) as pistillate circumcision and bound feet. provided as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more round near forms, by means of the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to ascertain women by stereotyping them as spineless inbred homemakers or monstrous awful figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through and through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is in addition reproduced in Shyam Selvandurais Pigs Cant Fly. Although it is ostensibly about a boys childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. in the first place explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key impairment I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forsters imagination of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trace unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to declare what is commonly known as a characters leg of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators.It is entrancing to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of correct female and male behaviour by large-hearted to natural laws (Because the sky is so high and pigs can t evaporate). Arjies unhappiness, however, shows implicit critique of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him.It is wherefore evident that Pigs Cant Fly is not a unreserved story about a childs growing up process. Its adept use of miscellaneous elements of discourse pushes it beyond a unreserved narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its condescend for patriarchy) mirrors a world of doubtfulness with no absolutes governing. The storys refusal to boss itself is for me, a source of saucer and complexity.Works CitedSelvadurai, Shyam. Pigs Cant Fly. Funny Boy. New York Vintage, 1995 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. recital and Discourse Narrative anatomical structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell UP, 1978. Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurais Pigs Cant Fly Essay -- Shyam SelvaduPatriarchy in Shyam Selvadurais Pigs Cant FlyWoman is not born she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that mother of the earth, slut of the un iverse and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to fix women by stereotyping them as spineless natural homemakers or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurais Pigs Cant Fly. Although it is ostensibly about a boys childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting.Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in ana lyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forsters concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a characters point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators.It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of correct female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (Because the sky is so high and pigs cant fly). Arjies unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him.It is therefore evident that Pigs Cant Fly is not a simple story about a childs growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative in to the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The storys refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity.Works CitedSelvadurai, Shyam. Pigs Cant Fly. Funny Boy. New York Vintage, 1995 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell UP, 1978.

The Statue of Liberty Lending Credence to the Word Freedom in America E

The Statue of autonomy add Credence to the Word Freedom in AmericaThe Statue of self-sufficiency is one of the most recognized artifacts of independence in the world. It has the ability to earn emotions that range from happiness to anger each(prenominal) at one time. The exceed musical mode to analyze such a powerful image is to map Kenneth Burkes idea of pentadic analysis. By using this method of the analysis, we go forth be able to answer the rhetorical question How does the Statue of indecorousness leave credence to the word immunity in America?To begin with, it is necessary to obtain several(prenominal) background on the Statue of independence. The Statue of Liberty was given to the unify States in 1886 as a gift from France and dedicated as a national monument in 1924 (1). Standing at approximately 46.50 meters and slowness 225 tons it was the largest structure, at the time, to have entered the unite States via Ellis Island, New York (1). Before the hex of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island was use of goods and servicesd as a border for immigrants who wanted to be a part of the land of the free and the home of the brave (2). With the coming of the Statue, on that point was several(prenominal)thing tangible for new Americans to see when they entered the country. With its newfound fame as the first ocular representation of the immigrants, the Statue to a fault soon became a link to the idea of freedom and a brighter future.In 1976, a renovation project began to fix some mistakes made in its initial transport to the United States. Lee Iacocca, chief executive officer of the Chrysler Motor Corporation at the time (3), led this renovation. Iacocca began c in alling the Statue of Liberty, peeress Liberty, as he was fixing the crown, torch and replacing the bruiser with bronze (3). This new title also shed some percipient on the significance of the Statue because now liberty and justice had taken everywhere the form of a woman, tasked to watch everywhere the United States like a mother does her children (3).With the background of the Statue of Liberty, we can move on to the importance of the coat of Burkes pentad model in this artifact. Burkes initial idea of pentadic analysis stems from his view of dramatism (4). According to Burke, dramatism is a focussing of analyzing material with the desire to form a direct link surrounded by human motives and clusters of terminology (4). Foss (1996) points out that dramatism has two fundamental surmisals. The first assurance is t... ...-act, agency-agent, agency- usage, conception-scene, purpose-act, purpose-agent, and purpose-agency (4). For the purposes of this analysis, the ratio of act-purpose allow be used. By ordering the ratio in this manner, we are stressing the fact that the act and the purpose have the most powerful effects on the pentad. However the dominant factor in all of this is the act the representation of the American Dream and freedom. The significance of the act is delineate by the historical struggle of creating a nation of independence and freedom, also referred to as the scene. The statue itself, the agency, communicates this message to the world and at the same time aims to lead out the underlined purpose, by persuading people to remember the ideals that our nation was founded upon. This is where the element berth can enter the picture. As mentioned earlier, post deals with the manner in which the purpose is portrayed. The Statue of Liberty is an object and in that respectfore does not have the ability to verbalize, however, the pose seen in her towering presence and the stern look on her slip reinforce the purpose and allow the message to be effective. The Statue of Liberty Lending Credence to the Word Freedom in America EThe Statue of Liberty Lending Credence to the Word Freedom in AmericaThe Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognized artifacts o f freedom in the world. It has the ability to manufacture emotions that range from happiness to anger all at one time. The vanquish way to analyze such a powerful image is to use Kenneth Burkes idea of pentadic analysis. By using this method of the analysis, we will be able to answer the rhetorical question How does the Statue of Liberty alter credence to the word freedom in America?To begin with, it is necessary to obtain some background on the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States in 1886 as a gift from France and dedicated as a national monument in 1924 (1). Standing at approximately 46.50 meters and unhurriedness 225 tons it was the largest structure, at the time, to have entered the United States via Ellis Island, New York (1). Before the launching of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island was used as a border for immigrants who wanted to be a part of the land of the free and the home of the brave (2). With the coming of the Statue, th ere was something tangible for new Americans to see when they entered the country. With its newfound fame as the first visual representation of the immigrants, the Statue also soon became a link to the idea of freedom and a brighter future.In 1976, a renovation project began to fix some mistakes made in its initial transport to the United States. Lee Iacocca, chief executive officer of the Chrysler Motor Corporation at the time (3), led this renovation. Iacocca began calling the Statue of Liberty, maam Liberty, as he was fixing the crown, torch and replacing the bruiser with bronze (3). This new title also shed some frail on the significance of the Statue because now liberty and justice had taken over the form of a woman, tasked to watch over the United States like a mother does her children (3).With the background of the Statue of Liberty, we can move on to the importance of the practise of Burkes pentad model in this artifact. Burkes initial idea of pentadic analysis st ems from his view of dramatism (4). According to Burke, dramatism is a way of analyzing material with the desire to form a direct link among human motives and clusters of terminology (4). Foss (1996) points out that dramatism has two fundamental assumptions. The first assumption is t... ...-act, agency-agent, agency-purpose, purpose-scene, purpose-act, purpose-agent, and purpose-agency (4). For the purposes of this analysis, the ratio of act-purpose will be used. By ordering the ratio in this manner, we are stressing the fact that the act and the purpose have the most powerful effects on the pentad. However the dominant factor in all of this is the act the representation of the American Dream and freedom. The significance of the act is be by the historical struggle of creating a nation of independence and freedom, also referred to as the scene. The statue itself, the agency, communicates this message to the world and at the same time aims to take for out the underlined purpose, by persuading people to remember the ideals that our nation was founded upon. This is where the element billet can enter the picture. As mentioned earlier, attitude deals with the manner in which the purpose is portrayed. The Statue of Liberty is an object and therefore does not have the ability to verbalize, however, the attitude seen in her towering presence and the stern look on her flavour reinforce the purpose and allow the message to be effective.

Why Study Ancient World Cultures :: Ancient World Culture

Why Study Ancient homo Cultures?Why analyze ancient cultures? You might feel that the question is delve students do analyze and will call for ancient cultures such study is an expected part of a tradition of intellectual development. The response to the wherefore of the initial question is a matter of tradition, if not fact. A study of the ROMAN EMPIRE, a reading of Greek philosophy and literature, a smelling at the PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT -- these are all accepted parts of a westbound education, arent they?Probably so even today, in the plurality of approaches to the study of write up and to the study of cultures, people talk active PLATO or DANTE or Krishna or Mohammed. But there is an important proviso How you approach ancient cultures (or some(prenominal) other culture, for that matter) and how you conceive of the people of such distant worlds are of dominant importance. At this point, you might ask yourself these two additional questions Do we study these cultures because, to some extent, all cultures share certain characteristics? Does our own culture mull over aspects of these other cultures?The answer to the first of the two questions has historically been found in a discussion of universality. Consider, for a moment, the case of Arjuna in The Bhagavad Gita. You might closely ask how the battle that Arjuna holds off while frozen on his transport relates, for example, to contemporary battles in World War II. Convinced that his relatives will stall in this life only to be reborn in another, Arjuna tail assembly reluctantly permit the carnage to begin. No such choice is odd to Schindler (featured in Spielbergs film Schindlers List), on the other hand, whose intervention on behalf of Jews salve many people in this life. The danger in looking for universals then consists in reformulating other, possibly alien, views to fit our own. We must always guard against the guess that other people think as we do -- or that they should. Arjuna speaks in spite of appearance the context of one culture Schindler acts within the confines of another.The differences among cultures are of greatest interest here, and reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. The social organization of Socrates capital of Greece -- where a gimpy-legged man could hobble around interrogating citizens at will -- differs profoundly from todays world beset with modern media whereby people rarely get to instruct or literally hear their critics.

The Fight for Racial Equality In North Carolina Essay -- essays resear

Plessy vs. Ferguson was a landmark decision passed in 1896 that instituted the practice of separate but equal in American society. The separate but equal doctrine was an oppressive system of racial segregation which greatly lessened the rights of all minorities specially in creation education. The fight for educational equality made public schools in uniting Carolina and other states in the south a major area of conflict. Wilma Peebles-Wilkins noted, Upward mobility through the educational structure is in keeping with the desires of post-World warfare II black Americans to enhance their economic, political, and social statuses. There were many royal court cases in which organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of faded People (NAACP) and private citizens questioned the constitutionality of the dehumanizing practice of separate but equal. The cases were filled on the dissembling that segregation was not equal among the races which was a dire ct violation of the 14 Amendment of the constitution of the United commonwealths. After many noteworthy attempts to end segregation, on May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court of the United States of America rendered the Brown vs. board of Education, Topeka, Kansas decision which ruled that ?segregated schools were inherently unequal.? The fight for equality and courtly rights had been a long battle fought in America. Although a great achievement had been won for minorities in America a greater battle was still to come regarding the unwillingness of many states such as North Carolina to bewray to comply with the Supreme Court ruling. According to Nelson H. Harris,? The Negro in North Carolina and other states has been forced to face all kinds of prejudices, hatred, contempt and discrimi... ...sion also leads to more turmoil within North Carolina.On February 14, 1969 150 blacks from Hyde County, joined by 800 students from Shaw and Saint Augustine College protested an integration policy that would close two of their school in Raleigh. The demonstrators walked over four miles and spent over two hours protesting around the metropolis and education building. Leaders of the movement had a promising conversation with Dr. Craig Phillips, The State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Superintendent Phillips stated that ?He hoped to persuade the Hyde County shoal authorities to return temporarily to a freedom of choice devise that would enable the Negro children to return to school next week.? Attempts of policy makers to expect by the Brown Decision and advocate for fair integration plan ultimaley ended the fight for integration in North Carolina.

Reader Response to Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Personal response to Robinson Crusoe   ...I observe that the antepast of evil is more bitter than the suffering...(p.181).         Only after several(prenominal) readings of polar portions of Defoes Robinson Crusoe and several attempts at drafting a different type of paper, did I fin all t oldishy decide upon using this particular quotation. For me the best kind of committal to writing is the one that does itself, and this quote is the basis for that kind of writing. All I see to do is hold the pen.         My premier recollection of being locked into fear (aside from the boogey man, ghosts and witches) was the first time I had to be absent from school for several daytimes. I believe I was ill with a sore throat and fever. At the age of five or six, an hour often feels like a day, and a day like a week, so to be aside of school for four days seemed quite a LONG time. Anyway, I remember my mother finally telling me I could go patronize to school the bordering morning. While part of me was happy and excited at the thought of seeing my friends and my teacher, the other part of me was terrified. What if when I got to my classroom no one talked to me? (because I hadnt been there). What if my teacher was mad at me? (because I hadnt been there). What if they all made fun of me? (because I hadnt been there). What if I didnt know any answers? (because I hadnt been there). I would die I just knew I would. Well, after several hours of this kind of thinking along with the escalating of fear and anxiety that accompanied it, I really didnt have to worry about school the next day I was making myself too sick to go back The next morning after refusing to eat breakfast (which my mother said I was too excited to eat), I got dressed in my favorite clothe (red corduroy pants, checkered shirt- -with solid red scarf, red socks and white sneakers), and sit down on the couch-waiting for my older sister, Susan, to finish getting ready to take me to school. The old fear-thoughts started again, and this time I had neither the comforts of my bedcovers nor of a days respite.

Techspiracy :: essays research papers

Techspiracy Technology is fast but not fast sufficient to impress me. I am a visionary, I am ahead of my time, I see beyond the ordinary. The technology we use today, I envisisioned quintette maybe, six years ago. There are many technological breakthroughs the state-supported is unaware of. Breakthroughs does not become public until the judicature can amply control them. The political sympathies has the publics mind so work with all this digital, cyberspace, virtual reality, bull dot com crap, that some of us omit to seek knowledge of future technologies.Todays technology ii way pagers, interactive cellular phones, navigational systems and other digital gadgets may be new to Generation X but the ideas and prototypes of the very output we have today, were being put to use by Baby Boomers who worked for the government a decade ago, dont feel bad, this is done for surety reasons. If we had access to everything the government uses, then we would be too dangerous for ourselv es. I have reasons to believe the longer the public waits for new technology, the safer it will be for all of us to use. Do you recall cell phone clone in the early 1990s ? Cellular phone customers were being overcharged because hackers were tapping into their accounts and energizing several phones for illegal use and profit.No matter how you look at it, it all balls down to one big conspiracy. In my opinion, this is the way the government controls the public. They throw all these gadgets at us to stagnate our minds. We are hooklike on television sets, if not we get lost in

Fork Of A Road :: essays research papers

Fork in a Road"When you arrive at a fork in the road, subject it." - Yogi Berra.Everyday we are met with wad and with the circumstances come the decisions we fudge in order to fulfill our lives and make them meaningful. However, once we make a decision, after we pass that "fork in the road", we need to move on, accepting what we have done, because what has happened has happened and there is cryptograph we can do to change the past. Such is a case in Robert Frost& axerophthol8217s poem & amp8220The Road not Taken, and Alistair MacLeod&8217s short story &8220The Lost flavour Gift of Blood. While the persona in Frost&8217s poem has knowingly come to a dilemma, in contrast, the narrator in MacLeod&8217s story makes a decision without glancing to the future. Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey, life.Robert Frost puts his persona in front of a road diverging, and he must make a decision on which to t ake. The 2 roads are almost identical, un little one is less traveled by. He looks ahead, but can&8217t see far, due to &8220where it bent in the undergrowth. Alistair MacLeod does it other than the narrator has come to a fork in the road, but without swing he takes the more traveled by. This is the first contrast between the two literatures. "And both that morning equally lay in leaves no tonicity had trodden black." the leaves had covered the ground and since the meter they had fallen no one had until now to pass by on this road. Perhaps Frost does this because each time a person comes to the point where they have to make a choice, it is new-sprung(prenominal) to them, somewhere they have never been and they tend to feel as though no one else had ever been there either. The persona took the road less traveled by. The road he chooses makes him the man he is. MacLeod makes his narrator take the other road he brings the glass of water to John&8217s mother with out thinking of what lies ahead. To Jenny this had great meaning it represents engagement. worry most young males he takes the easy way and gets what he wants, or does he. He gets a son, loses his relationship with Jenny, and carries the guilt of not taking the serious road before.

The Benefits of Living in America. Essay -- USA, ESL essays

Fireworks cracking and lighting up the sky, hot dogs cooking on the grill, and a cold drink in a red, white, and blue paper cup. It is the forth of July, Independence day, the day Americans fructify all of their worries to the side to celebrate the freedom of the country that they last in, America. Those who live in the USA may experience more freedom and pouffe then those who live in other parts of the world. America is passing praised for their education, diverse crowds, and socially accepting everyone despite their race, religion, or special needs. galore(postnominal) people from all over the world come to America to becharm a better education then the one being offered to them by their own country, mainly because of its elite schools, endless study choices, and flexablility. Having the choice of where, what...

The Crucible: John Procter is the Ideal Tragic Hero Essay -- Essay on

The character of John Procter in Arthur Millers The crucible was a great example of a truly tragic hero. He measured up to every one of Aristotles requirements. He was non a thoroughgoing(a) psyche because he had many faults and was not altogether good or bad. Best of all, he knew that he was not complete and he recognized and regretted the errors that he made throughout his life. Then, after the contributor stays with Procter while he confessed all of his horrible sins for the whole townsfolk to hear, he had was a massive gloam as the result. Coincidentally enough, that downfall came from his trying to do something about his errors and sticking up for himself and his beliefs. He did something great, which anyone with a heart would pity him for. Being a real and relatable character is some other one of Aristotles tragic hero requirements and John Procter was most by all odds one of those types of characters.The faults and imperfections of John Procter were clear. He was d efinitely not a perfect character. He cheated on his wife by having an affair with a teenager. He only went to church when he felt like it. Almost smite of all, he had the chance early in the play to put a stop to the girls accusations, but his desire to keep his good reputation kept him from testifying against Abigail and the others. Whats great about John Procters character is that he realized all of his faults. Knowing that he was a bad person and that he had made mistakes, he tried to do ...

atomic bombing :: essays research papers

Nuclear struggle was brought about through the invention of the nuclear bomb. The nuclear bomb was inaugural thought of in 1939. The Manhattan Project was devoted to researching and constructing the bomb (Serendipity Manhattan Project para.1). sextet years and 2 billion dollars later the Manhattan Project produced the first atomic bomb in history (Serendipity Manhattan Project para.5). The bomb was tested in northern New Mexico on July 16th, 1945. The masters of the bomb watched the first detonation. One creator quoted from the Bhavad Gita saying, I am become decease, the destroyer of worlds. The testing of the bomb in New Mexico was the first detonation, however it was not the last (Serendipity Manhattan Project para.10). The atomic bomb was again set off in Hiroshima on high-flown 4th, 1945. This time the bomb was used in warfare (Serendipity Detonation para.1). twain aspects of these bombings were the injuries to the people caused by the bomb and the long-term effect the b ombing had on the culture.There were three main kinds of injuries caused by the bombing blow ups, mechanical, and radiation. The ruin were payable to the flash radiation of heat. The mechanical injuries were caused by debris in the atmospheric state thrown by locomote buildings, etc. the radiation injuries were from the gamma rays produced from the nuclear bomb itself (Avalon Characteristics of Injuries para.1). Without exact numbers it is hard for experts to determine the actual death rate caused by each injury. Most would say that that majority of the deaths were caused by either radiation or mechanical injuries (Avalon Characteristics of Injuries para.2). Two different kinds of burn were reported after(prenominal) the bomb, flame burn and flash burn (Avalon burn down para.1). People that had any sort of protection or shielding approximately them were protected from flash burns (Avalon Burns para.4). Japanese experts estimate that burns caused at least 50 percent of the de aths in Hiroshima. They say that closely burn victims died instantly (Avalon Burns para.5). The second form of injury callable to the bomb was referred to as mechanical injuries. These injuries were cause by flying objects, falling buildings, crumbling walls, etc. People that were injured from these things experienced fractures, lacerations, concussions, abrasions, etc (Avalon Burns para.1). The third and most(prenominal) talked about injury caused by the bombing were the radiation affects on the homophile body. Most people were expected to experience the affect of radiation seconds after the bombing.

Essay --

Mekanism is a San francisco-based creative digital agency that is founded in 2000 by Tommy Means. Mekanism is derived from a company named Complete Pandemonium. Means saw a big opportunity of the internet for a great media platform that was non being deployed and understood by people and company back in 2000. Means started to grow his view to an independent integrated creative performance studio to develop the branded content outside traditional merchandise communication channels. Means aimed the mission to place the meshwork media at the mall of all advertising, and to make marketing more effective among all the separate platforms. Immediately the agency was founded as an independent entity, he added three partners. Pete Caban as a head of digital, Ian Kovalic as an decision maker creative director, and Jason Harris as an decision maker producer. Pete Caban leads technology development, new media initiatives and business operations. Focusing mainly on projects contact eme rgent content platforms, Caban directs the technical development of Mekanisms client campaigns by leveraging the industrys latest innovations to deliver targeted content to the widest base. Ian Kovalic brings an esthetic and creative background in design, interactive and animated storytelling. As executive creative director, he oversees most of the design execution across commercial, web and branded entertainment. Jason Harris leads the strategy and production of branded entertainment campaigns. His core strain is fostering Mekanisms position as the premiere storyteller for emerging media. Harris represents a unique mix of strategy, management and production expertise. He whole works attentively with brands to help make hit content, develop community platforms, and erect reach a... ...Super bowl, Mekanism continued engagement with the audience, with the contests where hundreds of thousands additional fans came to watch the spot clay by frame and hunt for planted easter eggs. Av erage measure on Pepsi.com was unbelievable, 4 minutes and 35 seconds. The program garnered press at last every outlet from USATODAY, to the New York Times to the Today Show. Through paid, possess , and earned media, it received over 5.5 billion impressions. In the end, Mekanism created a Fan-made pullulate that looked stunning, and delivered on the creativity and passion of its audience which generated buzz long in the lead and after the Super Bowl. But most importantly, Makanism amplified the voice of the now generation, and Pepsi impute its marketing focus on the people who really matter, its consumers. http//youtu.be/a6YjAWU6_Qw

Modern Witches Essay -- Witchcraft Research Papers

Modern WitchesWhile doing research for this paper I decided to talk to whatsoever modern witches. When I informed some of my friends of this the considerably-nigh common remark was Be careful. From these conversations it quickly became unvarnished that most people have no idea what witches believe or even if they exist. However, almost everyone has an image of an ugly witch on a broom, who kidnaps and eats little children. Kids dress up like her during H eachoween, and books like Hansel and Gretel face her to each new generation of children. I became interested in where solely these stereotypes about witches come from and how they differ from the reality about witches and Wicca. It seems that most of the stereotypes base be traced to the Middle Ages and the era of the witch craze and the inquisition. 1.The stereotype of witches and where it comes froma.Pre-Christian WitchesAlthough most of the stereotypes of witches can be traced to the Middle Ages, it does not mean that people during this time came up with the description of a witch without prior historical influence. In order to understand what happened during the Middle Ages to create the images of a witch that we receive today, it is necessary to go back to pre-Christian times. European witchcraft during the Middle Ages was strongly influenced by beliefs in magic and sorcery from the Greco-Roman as well as Hebrew times. The Greeks had a sophisticated system of magic that was unite with witchcraft and religion. The highest level of magic was that dealing with the gods. This was the one acceptable form. The both lower levels both deal with individuals who claim to brew potions, recite incantations, or give people magical objects. These people usually sold their... ...with all the other groups that fall under the name of witchcraft. References1.Adler, Margot. Drawing Down the Moon. capital of Massachusetts Beacon Press, 19812.Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav. Early Modern European Witchcraft. New York Oxford University Press, 1990.3.Barry, Jonathan and Hester, Marianne and Roberts, Gareth. Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. New York Cambridge University Press, 1996. 4.Clark, Stuart. Thinking with Demons. New York Oxford University Press, 1997.5.Farrar, Stewart. What Witches Do. Blaine Phoenix publishing Inc., 19916.Russell, Jeffrey. A History of Witchcraft Sorcerers, Heretics, and Pagans. New York Themes and Hudson Inc. 1983. 7.Starhawk. The Spiral Dance. New York harper Collins Publisher, 19898.Interview with Seamus McKeon and Sandy Herrera both practicing Wiccans.